Urban Climatology refers to a specific branch of climatology , it is the branch of climatology concerned with the interactions between urban area urban areas and the atmosphere the impacts they have on one another and examines these processes and responses at various scales see also urban climate History Luke Howard is considered the father figure of urban climatology based on his book The Climate of London , which contained continuous daily observations from 1801 to 1841 of wind direction, atmospheric pressure, maximum temperature, and rainfall ref Mills, G. 2007 Luke Howard and The Climate of London. Weather 63, 153 157 ref . Urban climatology has gained much momentum in recent centuries based on global industrialization and more importantly, urbanization . The process of urbanization changes the physical surroundings and induces alterations in the energy, moisture, and motion regime near the surface. Most of these alterations may be traced to causal factors such as air pollution anthropogenic heat surface waterproofing thermal properties of the surface materials and morphology of the surface and its specific three dimensional geometry building spacing, height, orientation, vegetative layering, and the overall dimensions and geography of these elements. Other factors that must be considered are relief, nearness to water bodies, size of the city, population density, and land use distributions ref Oke, T.R. 1988 Street design and urban canopy layer climate. Energy and Buildings 11, 103 113 ref . Research In general, cities are warmer than their surroundings, as documented over a century ago by Howard ref Mills, G. 2009 LUKE HOWARD, TIM OKE AND THE STUDY OF URBAN CLIMATES IAUC ... . Climate change The study of Urban Climatology is strongly linked to research surrounding global ... for urban climatology. ref 5 Alexander, Mathews et. al http www.googleearthireland.com page Climate Change and Dublin ref . Bibliography Reflist DEFAULTSORT Urban Climatology Category Climatology Category ... more details
tornado climatology cite journal author Dr. Nikolai Dotzek year 2003 month March title An updated ... journal last Holden first J coauthors Wright, A title UK tornado climatology and the development ... country, excluding waterspouts. ref name European tornado climatology Tornadoes kill an average of 52 ... of Europe, Australia and New Zealand, and far eastern Asia. ref name EB tornado climatology cite ... 10.1175 2F1520 0493 1978 106 3C1172 3AAATC 3E2.0.CO 3B2 title An Augmented Tornado Climatology ... Online page 6 ref ref cite journal last Holzer first A. M. year 2000 title Tornado Climatology of Austria journal Atmospheric Research issue 56 pages 203 211 url http tordach.org at Tornado climatology ... title Bangladesh Tornado Climatology accessdate 2007 02 27 last Finch first Jonathan D. coauthors ... pdfserv 10.1175 2F1520 0493 1978 106 3C1172 AATC 3E2.0.CO 3B2 title An Augmented Tornado Climatology ... p.m. local time, ref A. M. Holzer. http tordach.org at Tornado climatology of Austria.html Tornado Climatology of Austria. Retrieved on 2006 10 25. ref ref N. Dotzek. http essl.org people dotzek ... 115319.pdf A Climatology of Tornadoes in Finland. Retrieved on 2006 10 25. ref On average, there are around ... 1976 2011 from NOAA National Climatic Data Center The reliable climatology of tornadoes is limited ... climatology of tornadoes by damage classification journal Atmos. Res. volume 56 issue ... N. Dotzek, J rgen Grieser title Assessing a Tornado Climatology from Global Tornado Intensity ... hazard U.S. Severe Thunderstorm Climatology National Severe Storms Laboratory NSSL http www.ncdc.noaa.gov oa climate severeweather tornadoes.html U.S. Tornado Climatology National Climatic Data Center NCDC http snr.unl.edu data climate extremes ustornadoes.asp U.S. Tornado Climatology University of Nebraska ... Occur? National Atlas of the United States DEFAULTSORT Tornado Climatology Category Tornado ... more details
Historical climatology is the study of historical changes in climate and their effect on human history and development. This differs from paleoclimatology which encompasses climate change over the entire history of the earth . The study seeks to define periods in human history where temperature or precipitation meteorology precipitation varied from what is observed in the present day. The primary sources include written records such as sagas , chronicles , maps and local history literature as well as pictorial representations such as painting s, drawing s and even rock art . The archaeological record is equally important in establishing evidence of settlement, water and land usage. Techniques of historical climatology In literate societies, historians may find written evidence of climatic variations over hundreds or thousands of years, such as phenology phenological records of natural processes, for example viticulture viticultural records of grape harvest dates. In preliterate or non literate societies, researchers must rely on other techniques to find evidence of historical climate differences. Past population levels and habitable ranges of humans or plants and animals may be used to find evidence of past differences in climate for the region. Palynology , the study of pollens, can show not only the range of plants and to reconstruct possible ecologies ecology , but to estimate the amount of precipitation in a given time period, based on the abundance of pollen in that layer of sediment or ice. Evidence of climatic variations The eruption of the Toba catastrophe theory Toba supervolcano , 70,000 to 75,000 years ago reduced the average global temperature by 5 degrees Celsius for several years and may have triggered an ice age. It has been postulated that this created a bottleneck ... Network http cdiac.ornl.gov epubs ndp ushcn newushcn.html US Historical Climatology Network http www.eh resources.org podcast podcast.html 29 Historical climatology and the cultural memory of extreme ... more details
Infobox Journal cover Image JAMCcover.jpg thumb center The cover of the Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology discipline Meteorology and Climatology formernames Journal of Applied Meteorology website http www.ametsoc.org pubs journals jam publisher American Meteorological Society country United States of America U.S.A frequency Monthly abbreviation J. Appl. Meteorol. JAM ISSN 1558 8424 eISSN 1558 8432 history 1962 to present openaccess after 3 years link1 http journals.ametsoc.org loi apme link1 name Archive The Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology formerly Journal of Applied Meteorology is a scientific journal published by the American Meteorological Society . Applied research related to the physical meteorology, cloud physics , hydrology , weather modification , satellite meteorology , boundary layer processes, air pollution meteorology including dispersion and chemical processes , agricultural and forest meteorology, and applied meteorological numerical models of all types. See also List of scientific journals List of scientific journals in earth and atmospheric sciences sci journal stub climate stub Journals published by the American Meteorological Society Category Meteorology journals Category Atmospheric dispersion modeling Category Publications established in 1962 Category English language journals fr Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology ... more details
The Global Historical Climatology Network GHCN is a database of temperature , Precipitation meteorology precipitation and pressure records managed by the National Climatic Data Center , Arizona State University and the Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center . The aggregate data are collected from many continuously reporting fixed stations at the Earth s surface and represent the input of approximately 6000 temperature stations, 7500 precipitation stations and 2000 pressure stations. This work is often used as a foundation for reconstructing past instrumental temperature record global temperatures , and is used in two of the best known reconstructions, that prepared by the National Climatic Data Center NCDC , and that prepared by NASA as its Goddard Institute for Space Studies GISS temperature set. ref http data.giss.nasa.gov gistemp ref The average temperature record is 60 years long with 1650 records greater than 100 years and 220 greater than 150 years based on GHCN v2 in 2006 . The earliest data included in the database were collected in 1697. Map and description Image GHCN Temperature Stations.png thumb center 500px center Map of temperature station locations with record lengths indicated by coloring. center The GHCN is one of the primary reference compilations of temperature data used for climatology , and is the foundation of the http data.giss.nasa.gov gistemp GISTEMP Temperature Record . This map shows the 7,280 fixed temperature stations in the GHCN catalog color coded by the length of the available record. Sites that are actively updated in the database 2,277 are marked as active and shown in large symbols, other sites are marked as historical and shown in small symbols. In some cases, the historical sites are still collecting data but due to reporting and data processing delays of more than a decade in some cases they do not contribute to current temperature ... 1997 title An overview of the Global Historical Climatology Network temperature data base journal ... more details
Tropicalcyclone A tropical cyclone rainfall climatology is developed to determine rainfall characteristics of past tropical cyclones. A tropical cyclone rainfall climatology can be used to help forecast current or upcoming tropical cyclone impacts. The degree of a tropical cyclone rainfall impact depends upon speed of movement, storm size, and degree of vertical wind shear. One of the most significant threats from tropical cyclone s is heavy rainfall. Large, slow moving, and non sheared tropical cyclones produce the heaviest rains. The intensity of a tropical cyclone appears to have little bearing on its potential for rainfall over land, but satellite measurements over the last several years show that more intense tropical cyclones produce noticeably more rainfall over water. Flooding from tropical cyclones remains a significant cause of fatalities, particularly in low lying areas. Anticipating a flood event See also Tropical cyclone rainfall forecasting While inland flood ing is common to tropical cyclones, there are factors which lead to excessive rainfall from tropical cyclones. Slow motion, as was seen during Hurricane Danny 1997 and Hurricane Wilma , can lead to high amounts of rainfall. The presence of mountains hills near the coast, like across much of Mexico , Haiti , the Dominican Republic , Central America , Madagascar , R union , China , and Japan acts to magnify rainfall potential due to forced upslope flow into the mountains. Strong upper level forcing from a trough moving through the Westerlies and its associated cold front , as was the case during Hurricane Floyd ... rainfall climatology Between 1970 2004, inland flooding from tropical cyclones caused a majority of the fatalities ... cyclones China tropical cyclone rainfall climatology Extratropical cyclone List of wettest tropical ... United States tropical cyclone rainfall climatology References Printed media Ivan Ray Tannehill. Hurricanes ... Are You Ready? Hurricanes Good article DEFAULTSORT Tropical Cyclone Rainfall Climatology Category ... more details
File MeanMonthlyP.gif thumb right 340px Long term mean precipitation by month Earth rainfall climatology encompasses the rain fall distribution across different regions of the planet Earth . In mountainous areas, heavy precipitation is possible where upslope flow is maximized within windward sides of the terrain at elevation. On the leeward side of mountains, desert climates can exist due to the dry air caused by compressional heating. The movement of the monsoon trough , or intertropical convergence zone , brings wet season rainy seasons to savannah clime s. The urban heat island effect leads ... africa publisher University of Washington title Africa Rainfall Climatology author Todd Mitchell date ... the regional onset of the rainy season in West Africa. International Journal of Climatology ... Basin of West Africa. International Journal of Climatology, 29 7 , 937 954., ref Darfur , ref David ... Madagascar rainfall climatology Extreme Phenomena publisher Stanford University accessdate 2010 01 ... www.bom.gov.au climate map median rainfall index.shtml title Australian Rainfall Climatology Maps ... sciencestage.com uploads text wn1VIFwvnd3ImrFn3MMQ.pdf title Precipitation climatology over Mediterranean ... R. G. Vines accessdate 2010 01 09 date 1985 03 25 journal International Journal of Climatology ... . ref E. J uregui. http www.ejournal.unam.mx atmosfera Vol16 4 ATM16401.pdf Climatology of landfalling ... 48 United States Main United States rainfall climatology Late summer and fall extratropical cyclone ... The Contribution of Eastern North Pacific Tropical Cyclones to the Rainfall Climatology of the Southwest ... Climatology. Retrieved on 2008 01 23. ref ref Southern Region Climate Center. http www.sercc.com cgi bin sercc cliMAIN.pl?pr5693 Magueyes Island Climatology. Retrieved on 2008 01 23. ref the United States ... ref See also China tropical cyclone rainfall climatology Mexico tropical cyclone rainfall climatology Typhoons in the Philippines United States rainfall climatology References reflist 2 Category Climate ... more details
wiredscience 2009 12 tipping elements Global warming DEFAULTSORT Tipping Point Climatology Category Climate feedbacks Category Climatology Category Climate change science es Punto de inflexi n climatolog a ... more details
of Eastern North Pacific Tropical Cyclones to the Rainfall Climatology of the Southwest United States ... R. Hjelmfelt. http www.crh.noaa.gov images unr soo sels19.pdf Climatology and Structure of High .... Retrieved on 2008 03 19. ref ref name SCCLI South Carolina State Climatology Office. http www.dnr.sc.gov .... http www.srh.noaa.gov hun research Elliott PrecipClimo.pdf A Rainfall Climatology of the WSO Huntsville ... rainfall climatology During the summer, the subtropical ridge in the Atlantic ocean strengthens ... sercc cliMAIN.pl?pr6992 Pico del Este Climatology. Retrieved on 2008 01 23. ref ref Southern Region Climate Center. http www.sercc.com cgi bin sercc cliMAIN.pl?pr5693 Magueyes Island Climatology. Retrieved ... more details
The International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project ISCCP was established as the first project of the World Climate Research Program WCRP . Since its inception in 1982, there have been two phases, 1983 1995 and 1995 present. ref name npolar cite web url http clic.npolar.no disc disc datasets metadata.php?s 0&desc 1&table Datasets&id DISC GCMD ISCCP D1&tag All&Category &WCRP &Location All&stype phrase&limit 10&q title International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project ISCCP Stage D1 3 Hourly Cloud Products Revised Algorithm in Hierarchical Data Format ISCCP D1 date 2004 12 22 publisher npolar.no accessdate 2008 10 13 ref The project is responsible for collection and analysis of weather satellite radiance measurements. It infers cloud s global distribution and properties, along with their Day diurnal , seasonal , and interannual variations. The results are studied to understand clouds in climate, including their effects on Radiative forcing radiative energy exchanges, plus their role in the global water cycle. These datasets provide a systematic view of cloud behavior. ref cite web url http isccp.giss.nasa.gov overview.html title ISCCP OVERVIEW publisher nasa.gov accessdate 2008 10 13 ref The ICCSP headquarters are located at the Goddard Institute for Space Studies in New York . ref cite web url http badc.nerc.ac.uk data isccp title International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project ISCCP Data C2 publisher nerc.ac.uk accessdate 2008 10 13 ref ISCCP data is stored at the ISCCP Central Archive and at NASA . While the data are typically used for climate study, they are also a valuable resource for astronomical pursuits. ref cite web url http home.cc.umanitoba.ca jander clouds globalclouds.html title Global Cloud Cover Maps publisher umanitoba.ca accessdate 2008 10 13 ref From ... and validate a global cloud climatology. Promote research using ISCCP data to improve parameterizations ... title Accomplishments of the INTERNATIONAL SATELLITE CLOUD CLIMATOLOGY PROJECT publisher nasa.gov ... more details
21888982 title The Contribution of Eastern North Pacific Tropical Cyclones to the Rainfall Climatology ... 1997 . This graphic will be updated as the climatology pushes farther back in time. ref name ROTHUSTCRAIN ... Climatology For the United States. 25th Conference on Hurricanes and Tropical Meteorology. American ... cyclones in the United States Tropical cyclone Tropical cyclone rainfall climatology Tropical cyclone ... Cyclones in the United States and Mexico Climatology and Interannual Variability DEFAULTSORT United States Tropical Cyclone Rainfall Climatology Category Tropical cyclone meteorology ... more details
The term box model is used in Computer graphics see box modeling Cascading style sheets CSS see Internet Explorer box model bug Climatology see Climate model Box models disambig ... more details
The Institut National de la Statistique Benin is a national institute of Benin , which is dedicated to collecting data in the country. It collects data on demographics , population , climatology , education , employment , etc. External links http www.insae bj.org Official site benin stub Category National statistical services ... more details
Orphan date October 2008 The Institut National de la Statistique de C te d Ivoire is a national institute of C te d Ivoire , which is dedicated to collecting data in the country. It collects data on demographics , population , climatology , industry , tourism , education and employment etc. External links http www.ins.ci Official site Category National statistical services Cote C ted Ivoire stub ... more details
M t o may refer to M t o France is the French national meteorological service M t oM dia is a 24 hour Canadian French language cable television specialty channel and web site M t o Suisse , officially the Federal Office of Meteorology and Climatology, is an office of the federal administration of Switzerland M t o is a Canadian television sitcom Miss M t o is a Canadian Quebec French language television series dab ... more details
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 Distinguish2 Cope pluviale , a liturgical vestment In geology and climatology , a pluvial Latin language Latin pluvilis , from pluvia , rain was an extended period of abundant rainfall lasting many thousands of years. Pluvial is also applied to the sediments of these periods e.g. Lake Bonneville , Lake Lahontan , Lake Manly . The term is especially applied to such periods during the Pleistocene Epoch . A minor, short pluvial may be termed a subpluvial . See also Pluvial lake Abbassia Pluvial Mousterian Pluvial Neolithic subpluvial Category Geology Category Climate Category Climatology Category Climate history Category Prehistoric Africa Climate stub Geology stub et Pluviaal fr Pluvial climatologie fi Pluviaali uk ... more details
Climate data analysis tool plotting software used in atmospheric sciences and climatology. The Climate Data Analysis Tool CDAT is a software used in atmospheric sciences and climatology to display meteorological fields such as pressure, temperature, or wind speeds. It allows to read gridded meteorological data in different formats such as netCDF or GRIB and plot time series of displays from several identical datasets with differing times. It is similar in scope to GrADS but with more extensive user interface and capabilities. External links http www pcmdi.llnl.gov software portal cdat Category Earth sciences graphics software ... more details
Based upon the Bergeron air mass classification scheme is the Spatial Synoptic Classification system , or SSC. There are six categories within the SSC scheme Dry Polar similar to continental polar , Dry Moderate similar to maritime superior , Dry Tropical similar to continental tropical , Moist Polar similar to maritime polar , Moist Moderate a hybrid between maritime polar and maritime tropical , and Moist Tropical similar to maritime tropical, maritime monsoon, or maritime equatorial . ref Robert E. Davis, L. Sitka, D. M. Hondula, S. Gawtry, D. Knight, T. Lee, and J. Stenger. http ams.confex.com ams pdfpapers 118516.pdf J1.10 A preliminary back trajectory and air mass climatology for the Shenandoah Valley Formerly J3.16 for Applied Climatology . Retrieved on 2008 05 21. ref References reflist Category Climate ... more details
Multiple issues unreferenced March 2010 notable March 2010 Pavle Vujevi 1881 1966 was a Serbian geographer and meteorologist, professor of climatology, meteorology, and mathematical geography at the University of Belgrade . He was a founder of the science of micro climatology , and one of the first in the science of potamology, the study of rivers. He was born at Ruma , in Srem , on the 10th of August 1881. He died at Belgrade in November 1966. Serbia undertook some significant developments in meteorology with academics Pavle Vujevi , Director of Belgrade Observatory, and Milutin Milankovi , one of the most renowned scientists of his time, who began his work in the field of climatology . Vujevi is famous for his book Basis of Mathematical and Physical Geography . He wrote about the island of Hvar , and proved that Hvar a is better place for healing than other resorts along the Mediterranean coastline. Also, an outstanding potamological study of the Tisa river was made by Vujovi in 1906. Pavle Vujevi was a good friend of Milutin Milankovi , noted for his research into climate cycles. When Milankovi wanted to start his research in meteorology, he asked Vujevi for mathematical estimates. Persondata Metadata see Wikipedia Persondata . NAME Vujevi , Pavle ALTERNATIVE NAMES SHORT DESCRIPTION Serbian geographer DATE OF BIRTH 1881 PLACE OF BIRTH DATE OF DEATH 1966 PLACE OF DEATH DEFAULTSORT Vujevic, Pavle Category Serbian geographers Category 1966 deaths Category 1881 births ... more details
Climate prediction is a subset of numerical weather prediction dealing with generalized forecasts beyond the usual short range and medium range forecast periods. It is part of the broader science of climatology . Among items that include the phrase climate prediction in their name include Climate Prediction Center , an agency of the United States government Climateprediction.net , a collaborative climate ensemble Disambig Long comment to avoid being listed on short pages ... more details
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 Orphan date December 2009 Directional hemispherical reflectance is the reflectance of a surface under direct illumination with no diffuse component . Directional hemispherical reflectance is the integral of the BRDF over all viewing directions. It is sometimes called black sky albedo . See also Bi hemispherical reflectance DEFAULTSORT Directional Hemispherical Reflectance Category Electromagnetic radiation Category Climatology Optics stub ... more details
Onslow Bay is an indentation of the North Carolina coast, between Cape Fear headland Cape Fear in the south and Cape Lookout North Carolina Cape Lookout in the north. Thirteen barrier island s form the shore of the bay. It is part of the open Atlantic Ocean and affords no protection from oceanic swells. External links http www.cormp.org climate OB climatology.html Description of Onslow Bay Coastal Climatology Outer Banks NorthCarolina geo stub Coord 34.5984286 77.2002745 scale 1000000 display title Category Bays of North Carolina ... more details
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