A costoverrun , also known as a cost increase or budget overrun , is an unexpected cost incurred in excess of a budgeted amount due to an under estimation of the actual cost during budgeting. Costoverrun should be distinguished from cost escalation , which is used to express an anticipated growth in a budgeted cost due to factors such as inflation. Costoverrun is common in infrastructure , building , and technology projects. A comprehensive study of costoverrun published in the Journal of the American ... , an industry study by the Standish Group found that the average costoverrun was 43 percent ... costoverrun of 80 percent, and a 140 percent financing costoverrun. ref name policy planning TOC limit limit 2 Causes Three types of explanation for costoverrun exist Technology technical , psychological , and political economic . Technical explanations account for costoverrun in terms of imperfect ... that the budget was established. The cost growth , or overrun of the budget before cost contingency ... seattletimes.nwsource.com html dannywestneat 2009123442 danny26.html ref Costoverrun is typically calculated ... for building a new bridge was 100 million, and the actual cost was 150 million, then the costoverrun ... to eliminate or reduce costoverrun. ref cite journal url http www.sbs.ox.ac.uk centres bt Documents ... UK Treasury DEFAULTSORT CostOverrun Category Costs sv Budget verdrag ... costs. Overruns of 50 to one hundred percent were common. Syn date October 2010 Cost underestimation was found in each of 20 nations and five continents covered by the study, and cost underestimation ..., Massachusetts publisher Standish Group ref Many major construction projects have incurred cost overruns. The Suez Canal cost 20 times as much as the earliest estimates even the cost estimate produced .... ref name ucpwp The Sydney Opera House cost 15 times more than was originally projected, and the Concorde supersonic aeroplane cost 12 times more than predicted. ref name ucpwp When Boston s Big ... more details
wiktionary overrunOverrun may refer to Overrun brake Overrun, the condition of a vehicle travelling without throttle, see freewheel Overrunning clutch, see freewheel Buffer overrun, see buffer overflow Overrun is the section of a runway , sometimes called a blast pad, that is used as an emergency space to slowly stop planes after an aborted takeoff or a problem on landing CostoverrunOverrun is the amount of air injected into soft serve ice creams Over Run , a fictional Transformers character disambig ko ... more details
No footnotes date July 2011 An overrun brake called a surge brake when invented is a brake system commonly used on small trailer vehicle trailers , where the motion of the trailer with respect to the towing vehicle is used to actuate the brake. A spring enables the drawbar to move back and forth slightly relative to the trailer chassis. During towing vehicle braking, the inertia of the trailer pushes on this spring, compressing it, and thus the inertia of the trailer provides the force to apply the brakes. Issues The performance issues with this system are considerable, and an insufficiently well designed and implemented system can be nonfunctional and undrivable. The problem with these systems happens as follows As the towing vehicle brakes, the trailer travels forward, compressing the spring, for a distance before trailer braking begins. the speed difference & inertia built up by now results in the trailer brakes being rapidly & progressively applied ever harder, until trailer speed drops to below towing vehicle speed due to this, the brakes are now soon entirely released since the towing vehicle is still slowing down, the whole cycle repeats itself. The result is not only severe vibration, but the lack of effectiveness of the trailer brakes leaves the towing vehicle to do nearly all the braking. The front vehicle thus also fails to brake effectively, and lateral stability is also compromised, risking a jackknife situation. The problem can be eliminated by minimising slack spring travel, and by reducing the amount of trailer braking force applied for a given drawbar force. However this results in the towing vehicle bearing some of the trailer braking load, something the towing vehicle is often not designed to do. The result is compromised braking. Because of its issues, all first world countries limit the maximum road legal towable weight using such a braking system. See also Freewheel External references http www.kfz tech.de Engl AuflBremse.htm kfz tech.de http www.freepatentsonline.com ... more details
otheruses Infobox Album See Wikipedia WikiProject Albums Name The Cost Type Album Artist The Frames Cover Theframes thecost.jpg Released September 22, 2006 Ireland br February 20, 2007 International Recorded March 2006 Genre Rock music Rock Length Label Plateau Records Ireland br ANTI International Producer Last album Burn the Maps br 2004 This album The Cost br 2006 Next album Album ratings rev1 Pitchfork Media rev1Score 5.2 10 http www.pitchforkmedia.com article record review 41556 the cost link rev2 The New York Times rev2Score Rating 7 10 http www.nytimes.com 2007 02 26 arts music 26choi.html? r 1&ref music&pagewanted all&oref slogin link rev3 Allmusic rev3Score Rating 4.5 5 Allmusic class album id r937395 pure url yes link rev4 Slant Magazine rev4Score Rating 4 5 http www.slantmagazine.com music music review.asp?ID 1060 link rev5 The A.V. Club rev5Score B http www.avclub.com content node 59104 link rev6 LAS Magazine Lost At Sea rev6Score Rating 4.5 5 http www.lostatsea.net review.phtml?id 792564389462df5573849d link rev7 The Boston Globe rev7Score Rating 8 10 http www.boston.com ae music cd reviews articles 2007 03 06 rock pure and simple link rev8 Now magazine Now rev8Score Rating 4 5 http www.nowtoronto.com issues 2007 02 15 music discs2.php link rev9 PopMatters rev9Score Rating 7 10 http www.popmatters.com pm review 31564 the frames the cost link rev10 Filter magazine Filter rev10Score Rating 7.5 10 The Cost is the sixth studio album by The Frames , released in Ireland on Plateau Records on September 22, 2006. The album was released worldwide on ANTI on February 20, 2007 ... their more recent album Burn the Maps . The Frames line up for The Cost features Glen Hansard on guitar ... G. Hansard The Frames Sad Songs G. Hansard The Frames The Cost C. Ward G. Hansard The Frames True G ... www.theframes.ie The Frames DEFAULTSORT Cost, The Category 2006 albums Category The Frames albums 2000s indie rock album stub cs The Cost ... more details
Image Overrun countries stamp.png thumb right Overrun Countries stamps The Overrun Countries series was a series of thirteen commemorative stamps commemorative postage stamps , each of five cent Denomination postage stamp denomination , issued by the United States over a fifteen month period in 1943 1944 as a tribute to thirteen nations overrun and occupied by the Axis Powers during or shortly before World War II . ref http www.arago.si.edu index.asp?con 1&cmd 1&mode 1&tid 2028721 Smithsonian Arago ref The stamps depict, in full color, the national flags of Poland , Czechoslovakia , Norway , Luxembourg , the Netherlands , Belgium , France , Greece , Yugoslavia , Albania , Austria , Denmark , and Korea , with the names of the respective countries underneath. To the left of each flag appears the symbol of a phoenix mythology phoenix , symbolizing the renewal of life, and to its right appears a kneeling female figure with arms raised, breaking the shackles of servitude. ref http www.junior philatelists.com USStampsHistory43.htm The Overrun Countries Series Junior Philatelists ref The stamps with flags of European countries were released at intervals from June to December 1943, while the Korea flag stamp was released in November 1944. ref The Postal Service Guide to U.S. Stamps , 27th edition, 2000 ISBN 0 06 095854 5 , p. 128. ref Because of the elaborate process necessary for the full color printing, the United States government s Bureau of Engraving and Printing in Washington, DC , contracted with a private firm, the American Bank Note Company in New York City , to produce the stamps. References reflist Category Postage stamps of the United States philately stub ... more details
Infobox animanga Header name Mayoi Neko Overrun image caption ja kanji ja romaji Mayoi Neko b ran genre Romantic comedy Infobox animanga Print type light novel author Tomohiro Matsu illustrator Peco vol.1 9 br Yasu illustrator Yasu vol.10 br Hekiru Hikawa vol.11 br Misato Mitsumi vol.12 publisher Shueisha demographic Male label Super Dash Bunko magazine first October 24, 2008 last volumes 11 volume list Infobox animanga Print type manga, anime author Tomohiro Matsu illustrator Kentaro Yabuki publisher Shueisha demographic Sh nen manga Sh nen magazine Jump Square first January 4, 2010 last cancelled volumes 2 volume list Infobox animanga Video type tv series director Tomohiro Matsu the director changes every episode producer writer music studio AIC network Tokyo MX TV , Sun Television Sun TV , BS 11 first April 6, 2010 last June 29, 2010 episodes 13 episode list List of Mayoi Neko Overrun episodes Infobox animanga Footer Nihongo Mayoi Neko Overrun Mayoi Neko b ran Stray Cat Overrun is a Japanese light novel series by Tomohiro Matsu , with illustrations by Peco. As of March ... manga title Mayoi Neko Overrun Light Novels Get Anime, Manga publisher Anime News Network date November ... last Matsu series Mayoi Neko Overrun volume 3 title ? isbn 978 4 08 630471 9 date 25 February ... publisher Shueisha first Tomohiro last Matsu series Mayoi Neko Overrun volume 4 title isbn ... Overrun volume 5 title ? isbn ISBN 978 4 08 630490 0 date 25 June 2009 ref Nihongo Kaho ... Mayoi Neko Overrun volume 6 title ? isbn ISBN 978 4 08 630500 6 date 25 August 2009 ref ... Tomohiro last Matsu series Mayoi Neko Overrun volume 2 title ? isbn ISBN 978 4 08 630463 ... chapter Prologue page 19 series Mayoi Neko Overrun volume 6 title ? isbn ISBN 978 4 08 630500 ... Light novel official website ja icon http jumpsq.shueisha.co.jp contents mayoineko overrun index.html ... Category Novels about orphans es Mayoi Neko Overrun ko ja ru Mayoi Neko Overrun ... more details
of cost engineering is to arrive at accurate cost estimates and schedules and to avoid costoverrun s and schedule slips. The broad array of cost engineering topics represent the intersection of the fields ... Costoverrun Optimism bias Quantity surveyor Reference class forecasting Value engineering References ...onesource date August 2011 Cost engineering is an area of engineering practice concerned with the application of scientific principles and techniques to problems of cost estimating, cost control, business ... of Cost Engineering, provides some answers which are excerpted here. Beyond being a guiding .... Cost engineers refer to these investments collectively as costs . Cost engineering then can be considered ... the physical and cost dimensions of whatever is being engineered . Cost engineering is most often ... capital projects. Engineering economics is a core skill and knowledge area of cost engineering. History Cost engineering is a field of engineering practice that began in the 1950s AACE International was founded in 1956 . The skills and knowledge areas of Cost Engineers are similar to those of Quantity ... representing practitioners in these fields. In 2006, AACE published the Total Cost Management TCM Framework which outlines an integrated process for applying the skills and knowledge of cost engineering ... and Knowledge of Cost Engineering, Fifth Edition, AACE International, Morgantown, West Virginia, 2004. Humphreys, Kenneth K editor , Jelen s Cost and Optimization Engineering 3rd Edition, McGraw Hill, 1991. Hollmann, John K. editor , Total Cost Management Framework , AACE International, Morgantown WV, 2006. Dale Shermon, Systems Cost Engineering , Gower publishing , 2009, ISBN 978 0 566 08861 2 External links http www.aacei.org AACE International Association for the Advancement of Cost Engineering http www.icoste.org International Cost Engineering Council ICEC http www.acoste.org.uk Association of Cost Engineers ACostE http www.dace.nl Dutch Association of Cost Engineers DACE Category Cost ... more details
Cost escalation is defined as changes in the cost or price of specific goods or services in a given economy over a period. This is a similar to the concepts of inflation and deflation except that escalation is specific to an item or class of items not as general in nature , it is often not primarily driven by changes in the money supply, and it tends to be less sustained. While escalation includes general inflation related to the money supply, it is also driven by changes in technology, practices, and particularly supply demand imbalances that are specific to a good or service in a given economy. For example, while general inflation e.g., consumer price index in the US was less than 5 in the 2003 2007 time period, steel prices increased escalated by over 50 because of supply demand imbalance. Cost escalation may contribute to a project costoverrun but it is not synonymous with it. Over long periods of time, as market supply and demand imbalances are corrected, escalation will tend to more or less equal inflation unless there are sustained technology or efficiency changes in a market. Escalation is usually calculated by examining the changes in price index measures for a good or service. Future escalation can be forecast using econometrics . Unfortunately, because escalation unlike inflation may occur in a micro market, and it may be hard to measure with surveys, indices can be difficult to find. For example, the Bureau of Labor Statistics has a price index for construction wages and compensation what the construction contractor s labor cost , but has none for the prices that owners must pay the construction contractor for their services. In cost engineering and project management usage, escalation and cost contingency are both considered risk funds, that should be included in project estimates and budgets. When escalation is minimal, it is sometimes estimated together ... Category Cost engineering ... more details
When estimating the cost for a project , product or other item or investment, there is always uncertainty as to the precise content of all items in the estimate, how work will be performed, what work conditions will be like when the project is executed and so on. These uncertainties are risks to the project . Some refer to these risks as known unknowns because the estimator is aware of them, and based on past experience, can even estimate their probable costs. The estimated costs of the known unknowns is referred to by cost estimators as cost contingency. AACE International , the Association for the Advancement of Cost engineering , has defined contingency as An amount added to an estimate to allow for items, conditions, or events for which the state, occurrence, or effect is uncertain and that experience shows will likely result, in aggregate, in additional costs. Typically estimated using statistical analysis or judgment based on past asset or project experience. Contingency usually excludes Major scope changes such as changes in end product specification, capacities, building sizes, and location of the asset or project Extraordinary events such as major strikes and natural disasters .... Contingency is generally included in most estimates, and is expected to be expended . ref Cost Engineering ..., and only then are the probable cost of those risks quantified. In best practice, the quantification ..., the method results in a distribution of possible cost outcomes for the project, product, or other investment. From this distribution, a cost value can be selected that has the desired probability of having a cost underrun or costoverrun . Usually a value is selected with equal chance of over or underrunning. The difference between the cost estimate without contingency, and the selected cost ..., as are the needs for cost contingency. References references DEFAULTSORT Cost Contingency Category Cost engineering ... more details
The Cost is the sixth studio album by The Frames. The Cost may also refer to The Cost band , an American punk rock group The Cost The Wire episode The Cost The Wire episode , a 2002 television episode See also Cost disambig ... more details
by the contribution margin ratio 1 080,000 X 40 . See also Accountancy Costoverrun Fixed asset turnover ...Lead rewrite date July 2011 Refimprove date June 2007 Accounting Cost accounting information is designed ... in a particular environment of business including strategy make. Cost accounting information is commonly ... to take decisions. The accountants who handle the cost accounting information generate add value ... school . The cost accounting system is the result of decisions made by managers of an organization ... in and worried for the cost s. The control of the costs of the past, present and future is part .... The cost accounting systems can be important sources of information for the managers of a company. For this reason, the managers understand the forces and weaknesses of the cost accounting systems, and participate in the evaluation and evolution of the cost measurement and administration systems ... periodically, the cost accounting systems and reports are not subject to rules and standards like the Generally Accepted Accounting Principles . As a result, there is a wide variety in the cost accounting ... or organization. The following are different cost accounting approaches standard costing standardized or standard cost accounting lean accounting activity based costing resource consumption accounting throughput accounting marginal costing cost volume profit analysis Classical cost elements are Raw materials Manual labor Labor Indirect expenses Operating cost overhead Origins Cost accounting has long been used to help managers understand the cost s of running a business. Modern cost accounting ... modern accountants call variable cost s because they varied directly with the amount of production ... costs, which rise and fall with volume of work. Over time, the importance of these fixed cost ..., and the cost of departments such as maintenance, tooling, production control, purchasing ..., these costs are often more important than the variable cost of a product, and allocating them ... more details
Cost center may also refer to Cost Sports Center , the indoor athletic facility often referred to by the same name Cost centre business , the part of an organization that does not produce direct profit and adds to the cost of running a company disambig de Cost Center ... more details
The cost of operation is the business strategy implemented in many companies to gain a huge market. Cost of operation is the cost acquired in completing one operation. It may be a conversion of inputs into the outputs or labor costs etc. If the cost of operation is low then it is easy to maintain cost leadership and gain the market with competitive advantage . business stub Category Strategic management ... more details
Manufacturing cost is the sum of costs of all resources consumed in the process of making a product. The manufacturing cost is classified into three categories direct materials cost , direct labor cost and manufacturing overhead. ref Ostwald, P. F., McLaren, T. S. 2004 , Cost Analysis and Estimating for Engineering and Management , Prentice Hall, ISBN 9780131421271 ref Direct materials cost Direct materials are the raw material s that become a part of the finished product. Manufacturing adds value to raw materials by applying a chain of operations to maintain a deliverable product. There are many operations that can be applied to raw materials such as welding , cutting and painting . It is important to differentiate between the direct materials and indirect materials. Direct labor cost The direct labor cost is the cost of workers who can be easily identified with the unit of production. Types of labor who are considered to be part of the direct labor cost are the assembly workers on an assembly line . Manufacturing overhead Manufacturing overhead is any manufacturing cost that is neither direct materials cost nor direct labor cost. Manufacturing overhead includes all charges that provide support to manufacturing. Manufacturing overhead includes Indirect labor cost The indirect labor cost is the cost associated with workers, such as supervisors and material handling team, who are not directly involved in the production. Indirect materials cost Indirect materials cost is the cost of associated with consumables, such as lubricants, Grease lubricant grease , and water , that are not used as raw materials. Other indirect manufacturing cost Other indirect manufacturing costs include machine depreciation, land rent , property insurance , electricity or any expenses that keep the factory operating. References Reflist Additional reading Lanen, W. N., Anderson, S., Maher, M. W. 2008 . Fundamentals of cost accounting , MaGraw Hill, ISBN 9780073526720 DEFAULTSORT Manufacturing Cost ... more details
unreferenced date July 2008 The economic cost of a decision depends on both the cost of the alternative chosen and the benefit that the best alternative would have provided if chosen. Economic cost differs from Historical cost accounting cost because it includes opportunity cost . As an example, consider the economic cost of attending college. The accounting cost of attending college includes tuition, room and board, books, food, and other incidental expenditures while there. The opportunity cost of college also includes the salary or wage that otherwise could be earning during the period. So for the two to four years an individual spends in school, the opportunity cost includes the money that one could have been making at the best possible job. The economic cost of college is the accounting cost plus the opportunity cost. Thus, if attending college has a direct cost of 20,000 dollars a year ..., then the total economic cost of going to college would be 180,000 dollars 20,000 x 4 years the interest of 20,000 for 4 years 25,000 x 4 years . Components of Economic Costs Total cost TC Total Cost equal fixed cost plus variable costs. TC FC VC. Variable cost VC Variable costs are the costs paid .... Total variable cost TVC or VC total variable costs is the same as variable costs. Fixed cost ... cost TFC or FC Average cost AC average cost are total costs divided by output. AC FC q VC q Average fixed cost AFC fixed costs divided by output. AFC FC q. The average fixed cost function continuously declines as production increases. Average variable cost AVC variable costs divided by output. AVC VC q. The average variable cost curve is typically U shaped. It lies below the average cost curve and generally has the same shape the vertical distance between the average cost curve and average variable cost curve equals average fixed costs. The curve normally starts to the right of the y axis because with zero production Marginal cost MC Cost curve s Category Microeconomics Category Costs pt ... more details
Unreferenced date June 2008 Cleanup date December 2011 In retail systems, the cost price represents the specific value that represents unit price purchased. This value is used as a key factor in determining Profit accounting profitability and in some stock market theories it is used in establishing the value of stock holding . Forms Cost prices appear in several forms , such as Actual Cost, Last Cost, Average Cost and Net realizable value. Cost Price cost price is also known as c p it is the original price of any item who bought it Cost price is used in establishing profitability in the following ways Selling price Excl. Tax less cost results in the profit accounting profit in money terms . Profit selling price Excl. Tax when expressesd as a percentage produces Gross Profit or GP Expense Net Sales yields a percentage which when used as the target margin will produce gross profit . Actual Cost Actual Cost or Landed Cost In this calculation all expenses in acquiring an item are added to the cost of items to establish what the goods actually cost. Additions usually include freight, duty etc.. Cost This is the actual Value economics value of the item when last purchased . Normally expressed in units. Average Cost When new stock is combined with old stock , the new price often overstates the value of stock holding. The better method is to combine the total value of investment in stock, old and new and divide by the total number of units to calculate the average cost. This is a very accurate method of establishing stock holding . Moving Average Cost Moving average cost. MAC A slight permutation on the above, with the average being calculated from the previous average and new price. Net Realizable Value Normally indicates the average value of an item in the marketplace . Often this cost is interchangeable with replacement cost . Category Financial terminology pt pre o de custo nl Kostprijs ... more details
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 Orphan date February 2009 In accounting , an extended cost is the unit cost multiplied by the number of those items that were purchased. For example, four apples purchased at a unit cost of 1 have an extended cost of 4 1 x 4 apples . DEFAULTSORT Extended Cost Category Management accounting Accounting stub ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2009 In business , a cost analyst is a person who analyzes a company s cost s, or the use of available resources, and reports such analysis to management for decision making and control. Tasks Due to a more competitive environment and increasing expenses, companies look to analyze their costs in order to improve their operations and efficiency. Cost analysts may determine certain information useful for such purposes, including Cost benefit analysis Cost for each production unit Methods for allocating complex processes to units to create exact unit costs Matching costs to customers to evaluate customer profitability Process improvement methods Performance evaluation Strategic and Tactical planning for new products or services Additionally, cost analysts may determine the opportunity cost s of a specific decision by management. Industry requirements The cost analysts require a strong background in cost accounting methods, may gain certification as a Certified Management Accountant CMA by taking and passing a seris of exams from the Institute of Management Accountants IMA . DEFAULTSORT Cost Analyst Category Financial analysts Finance stub ... more details
no footnotes date November 2011 Wikify date October 2011 Cost reduction is the process used by companies to reduce their cost s and increase their Profit economics profits . Depending on a company s Service economics services or Product business Product , the strategies can vary. However, it is important to remember that every decision in the product development process affects cost . Companies typically launch a new product without focusing too much on cost. Cost becomes more important when competition increases and price becomes a differentiator in the market. Main cost reduction strategies Supplier consolidation br Component consolidation br Re source to low cost countries br Request for quotation Request For Quotations RFQ br Supplier cost breakdown analysis br Function analysis Value analysis Value engineering br Design For Manufacture Design For Assembly br Reverse costing br Cost driver analysis br Should cost br Product benchmarking br Design to cost br Design workshops with suppliers br Competitor benchmarking Tools for cost reduction http www.aheadconsulting.com Tutorials and cost reduction analysis tools br http www.mtisystems.com Should Cost Estimating.html Should cost estimating br http www.itbid.org en eSourcing system References Barrett R. Crane, http hdl.handle.net 1721.1 11020 Cycle time & cost reduction in a low volume manufacturing environment , MIT DSpace br Apichart Jearasatit, http hdl.handle.net 1721.1 60836 Using a total landed cost model to foster global logistics strategy in the electronics industry , MIT DSpace br Bryan K. Parks, http hdl.handle.net 1721.1 12092 Cost and lead time reduction in the manufacture of injection molding tools , MIT DSpace Category Costs ... more details
Cleanup date May 2007 A cost driver is the unit of an activity that causes the change of an activity cost. The Activity Based Costing ABC approach relates indirect cost to the activities that drive them to be incurred. In traditional costing the cost driver to allocate indirect cost to cost objects was volume of output. With the change in business structures, technology and thereby cost structures it was found that the volume of output was not the only cost driver. Some examples of indirect costs and their drivers are indirect costs for maintenance, with the possible driver of this cost being the number of machine hours or, the indirect cost of handling raw material cost, which may be driven ... of inspection or production runs. Generally, the cost driver for short term indirect variable costs may be the volume of output activity but for long term indirect variable costs, the cost drivers will not be related to volume of output activity. John Shank and Vijay Govindarajan list cost drivers into two categories Structural cost drivers that are derived from the business strategic ..., use of technology, etc., and Executional cost drivers that are derived from the execution .... To carry out a value chain analysis, ABC is a necessary tool. To carry out ABC, it is necessary that cost drivers are established for different cost pools. Cost drivers are the structural determinants of the cost of an activity, reflecting any linkages or interrelationships that affect it M. Porter , therefore we could assume that the cost drivers determine the cost behavior within the activities ... Strategic Cost Management The New Tool for Competitive Advantage by Shank and Govindarajan Cost Accounting a managerial emphasis 12a Edi o 2005 by Charles T. Horngren, George Foster e Srikant M. Datar Competitive Advantage , by Michael Porter. See also Activity based costing Fixed cost Variable cost Value chain Category Management accounting Category Costs Category Production economics de ... more details
In economics , average cost or unit cost is equal to total cost divided by the number of goods produced ... and demand . math AC frac TC Q math Short run average cost Average cost is distinct from the price ... of perfect competition , price may be lower than average cost due to marginal cost pricing . Short run average cost will vary in relation to the quantity produced unless fixed costs are zero and variable costs constant. A cost curve can be plotted, with cost on the y axis and quantity on the x axis. Marginal costs are often shown on these graphs, with marginal cost representing the cost ... costs. A typical average cost curve will have a U shape, because fixed costs are all incurred before ... marginal cost curve will intersect a U shaped average cost curve at its minimum, after which point the average cost curve begins to slope upward. For further increases in production beyond this minimum, marginal cost is above average costs, so average costs are increasing as quantity increases. An example ... widgets per period below a certain production level, average cost is higher due to under utilised equipment, while above that level, production bottlenecks increase the average cost. Long run average cost The long run is a time frame in which the firm can vary the quantities used of all inputs, even physical capital. A long run average cost curve can be upward sloping, downward sloping, or downward ..., with an in between level of output at which the slope of long run average cost is zero. The typical long run average cost curve is U shaped, by definition reflecting increasing returns to scale ... i.e., is operating in a downward sloping region of the long run average cost curve if and only if it has ... sloping region of the long run average cost curve if and only if it has decreasing returns to scale ... firms operating at the minimum point of their long run average cost curves i.e., at the borderline ... its purchases of an input drives up the input s per unit cost, then the firm could have ... more details
Multiple issues unreferenced January 2008 cleanup July 2008 original research January 2008 A cost object is a tangible input for a product manufactured Service provided, like labor or material . For example a cloth manufacturing firm requires some amount of predetermined labor and predetermined raw material for any amount of cloth being manufactured. The cost of employing labor can be directly fixed as per man per hour or per man per day per hour per minute per annum , so the labor is a cost object as you can directly associate cost with it. Similarly the raw material like cotton or threads or fabric can be another cost object. Other examples may include services taken by another firm, for example a transportation company courier company can offer some service to all customers at a fixed rate . so the cost can be directly associated with it and the company service can be then called as cost object . Generally, cost object term is used for fixed Cost components of total cost otherwise any thing which is incurring some cost can be called as a cost object like an Advertisement . Category Business economics de Kostentr ger sv Kostnadsb rare ... more details
Multiple issues unreferenced August 2010 orphan August 2010 inappropriate person article we date April 2011 The Financing Cost FC , also known as the Cost of Finances COF , is the cost and Interest rate interest and other charges involved in the borrowing of money to build or purchase assets . Category Accountancy accounting stub ... more details
Cost Plus may refer to Cost Plus, Inc. , U.S. retail business Cost plus contract Cost plus pricing disambig Short pages monitor This long comment was added to the page to prevent it being listed on Special Shortpages. It and the accompanying monitoring template were generated via Template Longcomment. Please do not remove the monitor template without removing the comment as well. ... more details
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