Wiktionary crystallization The term crystallization has several meanings Crystallization , the chemical natural or artificial process of formation of solid crystals Crystallization engineering aspects Crystallization love , the falling in love process Stendhal disambig de Kristallisation Begriffskl rung fr Cristallisation ... more details
crystallization Fractional crystallization may refer to Fractional crystallization chemistry , a process to separate different solutes from a solution Fractional crystallization geology , a natural process occurring in igneous rocks during which precipitation of minerals takes place disambig vi K t tinh ph n o n ... more details
Context October 2006 date October 2009 Strain crystallization is a phenomenon in which an initially amorphous solid material undergoes a phase transformation due to the application of strain. Strain crystallization occurs in natural rubber , and some other elastomer s. The phenomenon has important effects on strength and fatigue properties. There are various techniques for measuring crystallization in rubber, including x ray diffraction, specific heat changes, and density changes. Elastomers that Strain Crystallize natural rubber Polyisoprene Polychloroprene Elastomers that Do Not Strain Crystallize Polybutadiene Styrene Butadiene Sources Chapter 1, Engineering with Rubber, Ed. A. N. Gent, Hanser, 1992. ISBN 3 446 17010 3. B. Huneau, STRAIN INDUCED CRYSTALLIZATION OF NATURAL RUBBER A REVIEW OF X RAY DIFFRACTION INVESTIGATIONS, Rubber Chem. Technol. 84, 425 2011 doi 10.5254 1.3601131 Category Rubber properties ... more details
orphan date April 2009 Adolescent Crystallization , as defined by Laurence Steinberg , is a stage during adolescence in which individuals, typically ages 14 18, first begin to formulate their ideas about an appropriate occupation. ref Adolescence by Laurence Steinberg , 8th ed. McGraw Hill. 2008 ISBN 0 07 340548 5 ref Identity development During the crystallization period, adolescents begin to form their own ideas about what is appropriate work for them and learn more about themselves occupationally this will guide them to their future educational decisions. This is considered to be a part of the path to identity social science identity development. An adolescent s occupational plan for the future involves examining their traits, abilities, interests and values. Occupational plans generally form in stages the most important time for crystallization to occur is during late adolescence, during this time their plans are more realistically related to his or her capabilities. Social environment influences an adolescent s choice in occupational plans they are more likely to look to a role model for guidance. Studies A study done by Arizona State University assessed eighth to twelfth graders on career interests and crystallization. ref Tracey, T, Robbins, S, & Hofsess, C Stability and change in interests A longitudinal study of adolescents from grades 8 through 12 . Journal of Vocational Behavior , 66, Retrieved 413,2009, from http www.sciencedirect.com science? ob ArticleURL& udi B6WMN .... Both the males and the females showed stability in their choices and crystallization increased with age. The study showed the importance of the twelfth grade year because crystallization increased ... choices in crystallization of occupations. ref 3. Mortimer, J, Pimental , E, Ryu, S, Nash , K ... influence. Therefore, the crystallization of career opportunities is more likely to occur in adolescents ... with their identity development. References reflist DEFAULTSORT Adolescent Crystallization ... more details
A crystallization adjutant is a material used to promote crystallization , normally in a context where a material does not crystallize naturally from a pure solution. Additives in Macromolecular Crystallization In macromolecular crystallography, the term additive is used instead of adjutant. An additive can either interact directly with the protein , and become incorporated at a fixed position in the resulting crystal or have a role within the disordered solvent, that in protein crystals constitute roughly 50 of the lattice volume. Polyethylene glycol s of various molecular weight s and high ionic strength salts such as ammonium sulfate and sodium citrate that induce protein precipitation when used in high concentrations are classified as precipitants, while certain other salts such as zinc sulfate or calcium sulfate that may cause a protein to precipitate vigorously even when used in small amounts are considered adjutants. Crystallization adjutants are considered additives when they are effective ... stura cryst add.html Additives for protein crystallization and concentration range ref The distinction ... for crystallization that many proteins have. Commonly used buffers such as citrate have ... played in protein crystallization by the various components in the crystallization solution. ref ... Crystallization of Proteins Techniques, Strategies and Tips. A laboratory manual publisher International ... scripts.iucr.org cgi bin paper?gr0358 ref Additives for Membrane Protein Crystallization For membrane ... name Michel CRC cite book year 1991 title Crystallization of membrane proteins. editor Hartmut Michel ... in the crystallization of integral membrane proteins. ref name Caffrey 2003 cite journal author M Caffrey title Membrane protein crystallization journal J. Struct. Biol. year 2003 issue 1 volume 142 ... List of host lipids compatible with in meso crystallization trials ref used are Detergent ... Phase of Monoolein Implications for Membrane Protein Crystallization journal Biophys. J. volume 85 ... more details
Crystallization is a concept, developed in 1822 by the French writer Stendhal , which describes the process, or mental metamorphosis, in which unattractive characteristics of a new love are transformed into perceptual diamonds of shimmering beauty according to a quotation by Stendhal What I call crystallization is the operation of the mind that draws from all that presents itself the discovery that the loved object has some new perfections. ref De l amour, Paris, 1822 ref Origin of term In the summer of 1818 Stendhal took a recreational trip to the salt mines of Hallein near Salzburg with his friend and associate Madame Gherardi. Here they discovered the phenomenon of salt crystallization process crystallization and used it as a metaphor for human relationships. In the salt mines, nearing the end of the winter season, the miners will throw a leafless wintry bough into one of the abandoned workings. Two or three months later, through the effects of the waters saturated with salt which soak the bough and then let it dry as they recede, the miners find it covered with a shining deposit of crystals. The tiniest twigs no bigger than a tom tit s claw are encrusted with an infinity of little crystals scintillating and dazzling. The original little bough is no longer recognizable it has become ... ballroom. From this observation Stendhal formulated his concept of mental crystallization and thus ... features and those eyes of which he has never seen the like is precisely similar to the effect of crystallization .... Stripped of its leaves by the winter it was certainly anything but dazzling until the crystallization ... of hornbeam, perceived only by the eyes of the one falling in love. Process of crystallization Stendhal ... is our imagination inclined to overrate their worth. In a word, in Bologna crystallization has not yet ... love one hopes to win. center Image Crystallization.jpg 500px thumb center Stendhal s depiction of crystallization in the process of falling in love center This journey or crystallization process, shown ... more details
0 ref Apart, from the difference in solvent, standard protein crystallization and seeding techniques like streak seeding ref name streakseeding cite book author Stura EA, Wilson IA. title Crystallization ... 112 113 year 1992 location New York ref are still used in protein crystallization from organic solvent ... compounds, protein crystallization occurs more readily when the protein has been purified. Most ... unused data loca tion San Diego ref The importance of protein crystallization is that it serves ... ray diffraction. PDB ID 3PSG The goal of crystallization is to produce a well ordered crystal that is lacking ... . Protein crystallization is inherently difficult because of the fragile nature of protein crystals ... for a successful crystallization. Therefore, attempting to crystallize a protein without a proven ... of protein, temperature, precipitants and Crystallization adjutant additives . The more ... drop. B Sitting drop. C Microdialysis Two of the most commonly used methods for protein crystallization ... for crystallization, but as water vaporizes from the drop and transfers to the reservoir, the precipitant concentration increases to a level optimal for crystallization. Since the system is in equilibrium, these optimum conditions are maintained until the crystallization is complete ref ... successful crystallization. Using such a kit, a scientist avoids the hassle of purifying a protein and determining the appropriate crystallization conditions. Robots can be used to set up and automate large number of crystallization experiments simultaneously. What would otherwise be slow and potentially ... with an automated system. Robotic crystallization systems use the same components described above, but carry ... complexes. External links Protein Crystallization and Dumb Luck . An essay on the haphazard side of protein crystallization by Bob Cudney http www.msc.com downloads journal Vol16.2.1999 cudney.pdf See also Colbegin 3 Crystal engineering Crystal growth Crystal optics Crystal system Crystallization ... more details
In crystallography , water of crystallization or water of hydration or crystallization water is water that occurs in crystals . Water of crystallization is necessary for the maintenance of crystalline properties, but capable of being removed by sufficient heat. ref Medical Dictionary http medical dictionary.thefreedictionary.com water of crystallization water of crystallization ref It is the total weight of water retained by certain salts at a given temperature ref V.P. Sokoloff http pubs.acs.org doi abs 10.1021 ac50085a023 Water of Crystallization in Total Solids of Water Analysis Ind. Eng. Chem. Anal. Ed. 1933, 5 5 , pp 336 337 DOI 10.1021 ac50085a023 ref and is mostly present in a definite stoichiometric ratio. Classically, water of crystallization refers to water that is found in the crystalline framework of a metal complex but which is not directly bonded to the metal ion. Mostly, the term is limited to non coordinated Interstitial crystallization water not yet defined interstitial water. Coordination complex Coordinated water is directly bonded to a central atom on a Crystal structure ... 1984 Structural Inorganic Chemistry, Oxford Clarendon Press. ISBN 0 19 855370 6. ref Upon crystallization .... Nomenclature In molecular formula s water of crystallization can be denoted in different ways ... O Position in the crystal structure A salt with associated water of crystallization is known as a hydrate ... is hydrogen bonded to the chloride and to the coordinated water molecule. Water of crystallization ... of crystallization . Analysis The water content of most compounds can be determined with a knowledge ... of molecules of water bound to the salt. Other solvents of crystallization Water is particularly common ... to constant weight. For other solvents of crystallization, analysis is conveniently accomplished ... of crystallization as well. Table of crystallization water in some inorganic halides In the table ... equivalents br of water of br crystallization that br are not bound to M Remarks Vanadium III chloride ... more details
Spherulit in Mosaiktextur.jpg thumb A spherulite embedded into a mosaic mesogen Crystallization ... the melt, mechanical stretching or solvent evaporation. Crystallization affects optical, mechanical ... of crystallinity, but also by the size and orientation of the molecular chains. Crystallization ... spaced side groups facilitates crystallization. For example, crystallization occurs very ... von PolymerenEN.svg thumb Lamellae form during crystallization from the melt. The arrow ... 446 16486 3 ref Nevertheless, secondary crystallization can proceed even below T sub g sub , in the time ... on the dendritic crystallization of polypropylene ref However, if temperature distribution ... url http books.google.com books?id Jg l8B7 4ngC&pg PA45&dq polymer crystallization spherulite lamellae&lr ... Seymour publisher CRC Press year 2003 isbn 0824708067 ref ref name Menges ref name dens Crystallization ... chains upon crystallization by stretching. ref name dens The above mechanism considered crystallization from the melt, which is important for injection molding of plastic components. Another type of crystallization occurs upon extrusion used in making fibers and films. In this process, the polymer ... molecules. Such alignment can be considered as crystallization and it affects the material properties ...&pg PA13 Blow molding of plastic articles Hanser Verlag, 2006, ISBN 3 446 22671 0 ref Crystallization ... crystallization as in the crystallization from the melt. ref name Lehmann Crystallization ... product precipitates out of the solution. The rate of crystallization can be monitored by a technique ... Lehmann cite journal author J. Lehmann title The observation of the crystallization of high polymer ... 212 number 2 year 1966 pages 167 168 doi 10.1007 BF01553085 ref Confined Crystallization When polymers ... title Confined Crystallization of Polyethylene Oxide in Nanolayer Assemblies journal Science ... with known crystallization degree. ref name Becker ref name Ehrenstein2 Gottfried W. Ehrenstein ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2009 Orphan date December 2009 Metal induced crystallization MIC is a method by which amorphous silicon , or a Si, can be turned into polycrystalline silicon at relatively low temperature s. In MIC an amorphous Si film is deposited onto a substrate, usually glass or Si, and then capped with a metal , such as aluminium . The structure is then annealed at temperatures between 150 Celsius scale C and 400 C which causes the a Si films to be transformed into polycrystalline silicon. In a variant of this method, called Metal induced lateral crystallization MILC , metal is only deposited on some area of the a Si. Upon annealing, crystallization starts from the portion of a Si which is covered by metal and proceeds laterally. Unlike MIC process, where metal contamination in the obtained polysilicon is relatively high, the laterally crystallized silicon in MILC process contains very small amount of metal contamination. The crystallization speed is low, but is adequate for applications such as fabrication of thin film transistors . In this case, metal is deposited on the source drain area of the transistor and the channel is laterally crystallized. It has been also shown that applying an electric field increases the speed of lateral crystallization dramatically. Moreover, the crystallization proceeds unidirectionally. DEFAULTSORT Metal Induced Crystallization Category Semiconductor device fabrication Category Inorganic chemistry Category Chemical engineering Category Chemical processes Category Crystallography ... more details
crystallization Image Fractional crystallization.svg thumb 400px Schematic diagrams showing the principles behind fractional crystallisation in a magma . While cooling, the magma evolves in composition because different minerals crystallize from the melt. 1 olivine crystallizes 2 olivine and pyroxene crystallize 3 pyroxene and plagioclase crystallize 4 plagioclase crystallizes. At the bottom of the magma reservoir, a cumulate rock forms. Fractional crystallization is one of the most important geochemical and physical processes operating within the Earth s crust geology crust and Earth s mantle mantle . Fractional crystallization is the removal and segregation from a melt of mineral precipitates except in special cases, removal of the crystals changes the composition of the magma. Fractional crystallization in silicate melts magma s is complex compared to crystallization in chemical systems at constant pressure and composition, because changes in pressure and composition can have dramatic ... in silicate melts can be of prime importance, as in near solidus chemistry solidus crystallization of magmas of granite composition. The crystallization sequence of oxide minerals such as magnetite ... concerns crystallization of melts that crystallize to mafic and ultramafic rocks. MgO and SiO sub ... compositions, at high pressures without water crystallization of enstatite is favored, but in the presence .... High temperature fractional crystallization of relatively water poor granite magmas may produce single feldspar alkali feldspar granite, and lower temperature crystallization of relatively water rich magma may produce two feldspar granite. During the process of fractional crystallization, melts become enriched in incompatible element s. Hence, knowledge of the crystallization sequence is critical ... See also Fractional crystallization chemistry Flow banding Layered intrusion Cumulate rock References Reflist Unreferenced date December 2009 DEFAULTSORT Fractional Crystallization Geology Category ... more details
crystallization In chemistry, fractional crystallization is a method of refining substances based on differences in soluble solubility . If a mixture of two or more substances in solution is allowed to crystallize , for example by allowing the temperature of the solution to decrease, the precipitate will contain more of the least soluble substance. The proportion of components in the precipitate will depend on their solubility product s. If the solubility products are very similar, a Cascade chemical engineering cascade process will be needed to effectuate a complete separation. This technique is often used in chemical engineering to obtain very pure substances, or to recover saleable products from waste solutions. See also alphabetic order Crystal Crystal structure Crystallite Crystallization and Crystallization engineering aspects engineering aspects Fractional freezing Laser Heated Pedestal Growth Recrystallization chemistry Seed crystal Single crystal Pumpable ice technology References http acaschool.iit.edu lectures04 JLiangXtal.pdf Small Molecule Crystalization PDF at Illinois Institute of Technology website Category Chemical engineering Category Phase transitions physical chemistry stub de Fraktionierte Kristallisation Chemie fr Cristallisation fractionn e chimie it Cristallizzazione frazionata this is only fractional crystallization in geology nl Kristalfractionatie pt Cristaliza o fracionada qu mica ... more details
Alcoholate can refer to the crystalline form of a salt in which alcohol takes the place of water of crystallization . a tincture , or alcoholic extract of plant material. an alkoxide , the salt of an alcohol. disambig ... more details
Unreferenced date November 2006 Orphan date February 2009 Pneumatolysis is the Metamorphism alteration of rock or mineral crystallization effected by gaseous emanations from solidifying magma . Category Geology Geology stub de Pneumatolyse fa hi pl Pneumatoliza uk ... more details
Streak seeding ref name JCrystG 110 270 cite journal author Stura EA, Wilson IA. title Applications of the streak seeding technique in protein crystallization. journal J. Cryst. Growth volume 110 pages 270 282 year 1991 ref is a method first described by Enrico Stura to induce crystallization in a straight line into a sitting or hanging drop for protein crystallization . The purpose is to control nucleation and understand the parameters that make crystal crystals grow. It is also used to test any particular set of conditions to check if crystals could grow under such conditions. File Streak seeding.png thumb Result from streak seeding of protein crystals. The technique is relatively simple. ref name streakseeding cite book author Stura EA, Wilson IA. title Crystallization of Nucleic Acids and Proteins publisher Oxford University Press editors Ducruix A Giege R. pages 112 113 year 1992 location New York ref A cat Whiskers whisker is used to dislodge seeds from a crystal. The whisker is passed through the drop starting from one side of the drop and ending on the opposite side of the drop in one smooth motion. To allow for vapour diffusion equilibration, the well in which the drop has been placed is resealed. The same procedure is repeated for all the drops whose conditions need testing. References reflist Category Crystallography ... more details
A mother liquor is the part of a solution that is left over after crystallization . It is encountered in chemical processes including sugar refining . ref http www.britannica.com EBchecked topic 394001 mother liquor Encyclop dia Britannica ref In crystallization, a solid usually impure is dissolved in a solvent at high temperature, taking advantage of the fact that most solids solubilities are higher at higher temperatures. As the solution cools, the solubility of the solute in the solvent will gradually become smaller. The resultant solution is described as supersaturated , meaning that there is more solute dissolved in the solution than would be predicted by its solubility at that temperature. Crystallization can then be induced from this supersaturated solution and the resultant pure crystals removed by such methods as vacuum filtration and centrifugal separators . The remaining solution, once the crystals have been filtered out, is known as the mother liquor, and will contain a portion of the original solute as predicted by its solubility at that temperature as well as any impurities that were not filtered out. Second and third crops of crystals can then be harvested from the mother liquor. ref Operational Organic Chemistry A Problem Solving Approach to the Laboratory Course, Fourth Edition. ISBN 9780136000921 ref References reflist DEFAULTSORT Mother Liqor Category Separation processes Chem stub de Mutterlauge hu Anyal g ... more details
Ostwald may refer to Friedrich Wilhelm Ostwald , the physico chemist Nobel Prize of Chemistry, 1909 The Ostwald s rule related to the polymorphism the least stable phase is first formed The Ostwald Process , a synthesis method for making nitric acid from ammonia Ostwald ripening , a crystallization effect Ostwald, Bas Rhin , a commune of the Bas Rhin d partement , in France See also Oswald disambiguation Ozwald Boateng disambig de Ostwald Begriffskl rung fr Ostwald homonymie gl Ostwald nl Ostwald ... more details
John Mullin may refer to Jack Mullin 1913 1999 , American pioneer in the field of magnetic tape sound recording John Mullin footballer born 1975 , English association footballer John Mullin journalist born 1964 , British newspaper editor John W. Mullin 1925 2009 , British chemical engineer known for crystallization See also John Mullins born 1985 , English footballer hndis Mullin, John ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2009 Wiktionary Congelation is the process by which something congeals, or thickens. This increase in viscosity can be achieved through a reduction in temperature or through chemical reactions. Sometimes the increase in viscosity is great enough to crystallization crystallize or solid ify the substance in question. In alchemy , congelation is one of the 12 vital processes for transformation to occur. Category Alchemical processes de Erstarren ... more details
Orphan date November 2006 Unreferenced date February 2007 A tetrahydrate is a molecule surrounded by four 4 molecules of water, forming a hydrate . The notation for a tetrahydrate is anhydrous molecule s formula 4H sub 2 sub O, where the 4 represents tetra hydrate, and the H sub 2 sub O represents the tetra hydrate . And the molecule s name changes to anhydrous molecule s name tetrahydrate. See also Hydrate Water of crystallization Category Hydrates Chem stub ... more details
The Fox River Belt is a convert 300 km mi 0 abbr on long and convert 10 km mi 0 abbr on to convert 30 km mi 0 abbr on wide Paleoproterozoic geologic feature located in northern Manitoba , Canada . It consists of sedimentary rock sedimentary and mafic ultramafic igneous rock s. ref http adsabs.harvard.edu abs 2004AGUSM.V43A..08D Fractional Crystallization of Komatiitic Magma in the Proterozoic Fox River Belt Northern Manitoba ref References reflist Category Geology of Manitoba Category Proterozoic Canada geology stub ... more details
unreferenced date February 2011 In chemical separation processes , an Energy separating agent ESA is the heat or shaft work added to facilitate the separation of two chemical species. It is contrasted with a mass separating agent , which is any chemical species added to the reaction that facilitates the reaction. ESAs are used in many common separation procedures. Some important examples of procedures utilizing ESAs vaporization heat added , distillation heat added , crystallization heat evolved , and stripping heat added . Category Engineering engineering stub ... more details
File QuartzFantome.jpg thumb Phantom crystal of quartz Phantom quartz is a variety of quartz , or rock crystal , that, over the course of millions of years, forms over earlier rock crystals that already existed. It takes its name from the particular structure of its crystallization each crystal displays the outlines of numerous smaller crystals, known as phantoms. It is found in Austria, Brazil, Madagascar, Switzerland, and the United States. Like regular quartz, the chemical composition of phantom quartz is silicon oxygen 2 , and its Mohs scale of mineral hardness hardness is 7. The available forms of phantom quartz are crystal groups, single crystals, crystal points, touchstone, tumbled stones as a jewelry gemstone, usually found in the form of as pendant. The crystallization is a trigonal crystal. See also Pseudomorph References reflist External links http www.quartzpage.de gro text.html The Quartz Page, Growth Forms, Phantom Quartz Category Quartz varieties mineral stub ... more details
Crystallization Apparatus for Microgravity PCAM and the Diffusion controlled Crystallization Apparatus ... Growth experiment the Advanced Protein Crystallization Facility, Crystallization of Apocrystacyanin C experiment Crystal Structure Analysis of the Bacteriophage Lambda Lysozyme, Crystallization of RNA Molecules Under Microgravity Conditions experiment Crystallization of the Protein Grb2 and Triclinic Lysozyme experiment Microgravity Crystallization of Thermophilic Aspartyl tRNA Synthetase and Thaumatin experiment Crystallization in a Microgravity Environment of CcdB experiment A Multivariate ... Growth Light driven Charge Translocation Through Bacteriorhodopsin experiment Crystallization of Ribosome experiment Crystallization of Sulfolobus Solfataricus Alcohol Dehydrogenase experiment Crystallization ..., Beef Liver Catalase, Concanavalin B experiment Crystallization of the Epidermal Growth Factor EGF Structure of the Membrane Embedded Protein Complex Photosystem I Crystallization of Visual Pigment ... more details
Image Granophyre 1.5mm .jpg thumb 200px Polarized light microscope image of an intergrowth of quartz and alkali feldspar in a granophyre Muskox intrusion , as seen in thin section Long dimension is 1.5 mm Granophyre IPAc en icon r n f a r Respell GRAN fyr from granite and porphyry is a subvolcanic rock that contains quartz and alkali feldspar in characteristic angular intergrowths such as those in the accompanying image. The Texture crystalline texture is called granophyric . The texture can be similar to micrographic texture and to the coarser graphic intergrowths of quartz and alkali feldspar common in pegmatite . These textures document simultaneous crystallization of quartz and feldspar from a silicate melt at the eutectic point, perhaps in the presence of a water rich phase. Granophyres typically are intrusive rocks that crystallized at shallow depths, and many have compositions similar to those of granite s. A common occurrence of granophyre is within layered igneous intrusions dominated by rocks with compositions like that of gabbro . In such occurrences, the granophyre may form as an end product of Fractional crystallization geology fractional crystallization of a parent mafic magma , or by melting of rocks into which the mafic magma was emplaced, or by a combination of the two processes. Granophyre may have formed as the upper most stratigraphic layer resulting from melting of bed rock by a meteorite impact. For example, The Sudbury bolide impacted the Sudbury Basin 1.8 Gya forming a layer of melted rocks known as the Sudbury impact bubble, with the top most layer being granophyre. See also Micrographic texture Rock microstructure Granite Eutectic solidus chemistry Solidus References Reflist Unreferenced date May 2010 Category Igneous petrology Category Volcanology Category Subvolcanic rocks Petrology stub de Granophyr is Gran f r nl Granofier nn Granofyr sl Granitporfir sr sh Granitporfir ... more details
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