refimprove date April 2009 A cuticle IPAc en icon k ju t k l , or cuticula , is a term used for any ... for the human nail cuticle Contradict inline article Nail anatomy Parts of the nail date October 2011 In human anatomy , cuticle also called eponychium refers to several structures. It refers to the layers ... cuticula pili that locks the hair into its hair follicle follicle See also Cuticle hair . Invertebrate zoology see also Arthropod cuticle In zoology , the invertebrate cuticle or cuticula is a multi ... s ref http www.wormatlas.org handbook cuticle cuticle.htm About the roundworm cuticle ref and arthropod ... of the nematode cuticle are protein s, highly cross linked collagen s and specialised insoluble ..., I.L. March 19, 2007 The cuticle , In WormBook, ed. by J. M. Kramer & D. G. Moerman. The C. elegans Research Community, WormBook, doi 10.1895 wormbook.1.138.1, http www.wormbook.org chapters www cuticle cuticle.pdf ref The main structural component of arthropod cuticle is chitin , a polysaccharide ... and catecholamines. The more acidic the protein is, the softer the cuticle. It is believed that the epidermal ... and amount of protein to be incorporated into the cuticle. ref insect physiology The McGraw Hill Encyclopedia of Science of Technology, Vol. 9, p. 233 2007 ref Botany main Plant cuticle File Hydrophobic Hosta.jpg thumb Epicuticular wax covering the Plant cuticlecuticle of a leaf of Hosta sieboldiana makes it hydrophobic . Water, unable to wetting wet the cuticle, beads up and runs off, carrying ... Lotus effect. In botany , plant cuticle s are protective, hydrophobic, wax y coverings produced ... of plant cuticle s are the unique polymer s cutin and or cutan , impregnated with wax . The cuticles of plants function as permeability barriers for water and water soluble materials. The cuticle ..., 2000, January February, 12 ref Mycology main Pileipellis Cuticle is one term used for the outer ... Cuticle nowiki See http en.wikipedia.org wiki Wikipedia Footnotes for an explanation of how to generate ... more details
Wiktionary cuticle cuticula Cuticle , or cuticula Latin for covering , may refer to Plant cuticle , or cuticula , a waxy polymeric film covering all aerial plant surfaces Cuticle nail , in human anatomy, the fold of skin at the proximal end of the nail Cuticula invertebrate , the outside of the epidermis of many invertebrates Enamel cuticle, a covering of the crown of a newly erupted tooth , quickly destroyed by chewing Cuticle hair , or cuticula pili , a layer of overlapping cells that surround the hair cortex and lock the hair shaft in its hair follicle follicle Disambiguation ... more details
The hair cuticle is the outermost part of the hair shaft . ref name Andrews James, William Berger, Timothy Elston, Dirk 2005 Andrews Diseases of the Skin Clinical Dermatology 10th ed. . Saunders. Page 8. ISBN 0 7216 2921 0. ref It is a hard shingle like layer of overlapping cells, some five to twelve deep. It is formed from dead cells which form scales that gives the hair shaft strength and do the best job of providing protection for it. ref http www.worsleyschool.net science files hair page.html ref The hair cuticle is the first line of defense against all forms of damage it acts as a protective barrier for the softer inner structure including the Medulla hair medulla and cortex hair cortex . The cuticle is responsible for much of the mechanical strength of the hair fiber. A healthy cuticle is more than just a protective layer, as the cuticle also represents the structure that controls the water content of the fiber. Much of the shine that makes healthy hair so attractive is due to the cuticle. ref name keratin.com http www.keratin.com aa aa024.shtml ref The hair cuticle is also said to be water resistant. ref http www.verticalsinhair.com upclose.shtml ref Cuticles are often damaged by excessive mechanical manipulation such as brushing, using heat like using curling irons or chemical processing like perms or texturizers . Everyday elements, such as the sun or wind can also cause wear and tear on your hair and damage the hair cuticles as well. ref http nappyme.wordpress.com hair facts ref Although the cuticle is the outermost layer of the hair, it does not give the hair its color because it has no melanin , which is the pigment responsible the color of a person s hair depends on what type of melanin they have, which is found in the cortex. ref name keratin.com Also cuticle cells may be elongate, acuminate gradually tapering to a point , ovate egg shaped , or flattened. References Reflist integumentary system Category Hair anatomy Dermatology stub ... more details
, a layer of columnar or cuboidal epithelial cells give rise to the external cuticle and an internal basement membrane. The majority of insect material is held in the endocuticle. The cuticle provides ... the external sclerotised part of the cuticle is periodically shed in a process called moulting . As the time ... the old cuticle separates from the epidermis apodysis . Enzymatic moulting fluid is released in between the old cuticle and epidermis which separates the exocuticle by digesting the endocuticle and sequestering its material for the new cuticle. When the new cuticle has formed sufficiently, the epicuticle ... more details
Image Kale2.jpg thumb right 250px Water beads on the waxy cuticle of kale leaves File Leaf Tissue Structure.svg 500px thumb right Anatomy of a leaf Plant cuticles are a protective waxy covering produced only by the Epidermis botany epidermal cells ref name Kolattukudy 1996 Kolattukudy, PE 1996 Biosynthetic pathways of cutin and waxes, and their sensitivity to environmental stresses. In Plant Cuticles. Ed. by G. Kerstiens, BIOS Scientific publishers Ltd., Oxford, pp 83 108 ref of leaf leaves , young shoots and all other aerial plant organ s without periderm . The cuticle tends to be thicker on the top of the leaf, but is not always thicker in xerophyte xerophytic plants living in dry climates than in mesophyte mesophytic plants from wetter climates, despite a persistent myth to that effect. The cuticle is composed of an insoluble cuticular membrane impregnated by and covered with soluble wax es. Cutin , a polyester polymer composed of inter esterified omega hydroxy acid s which are cross linked by ester and epoxide bonds, is the best known structural component of the cuticular membrane. ref name Holloway 1982 Holloway, PJ 1982 The chemical constitution of plant cutins. In Cutler, DF, Alvin, KL and Price, CE The Plant Cuticle. Academic Press, pp. 45 85 ref ref name Stark Stark, RE and Tian, S 2006 The cutin biopolymer matrix. In Riederer, M & M ller, C 2006 Biology of the Plant Cuticle. Blackwell Publishing ref The cuticle can also contain a non saponifiable hydrocarbon polymer ... methods in the structural elucidation of a macromolecular plant constituent in the leaf cuticle ... 2006 Composition of plant cuticular waxes. In Riederer, M & M ller, C 2006 Biology of the Plant Cuticle ..., Alvin, KL and Price, CE The Plant Cuticle. Academic Press, 139 165 ref The plant cuticle is one ... barrier for water and other molecules, the micro and nano structure of the cuticle confer specialised ... technical materials. The waxy sheet of cuticle also functions in defense, forming a physical ... more details
Naked cuticle Nkd is a conserved family of intracellular proteins encoded in most animal genome s. The original mutants were discovered by 1995 Nobel laureates Christiane N sslein Volhard and Eric F. Wieschaus and colleagues in their genetic screens for pattern formation mutants in the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster ref Jurgens, G., Wieschaus, E., Nusslein Volhard, C., Kluding H. 1984. Mutations affecting the pattern of the larval cuticle in Drosophila melanogaster. II. Zygotic loci on the third chromosome. Wilhelm Roux s Arch. Dev. Biol. 193, 283 295, 1984. ref . The Nkd gene family was first cloned in the laboratory of Matthew P. Scott . Like many cleverly named fly mutants, the name naked cuticle derives from the fact that mutants lack most of the hair like protrusions from their ventral cuticle and thus appear naked . Citation needed date February 2011 In Drosophila, nkd is a Segment polarity gene segment&ndash polarity class gene that limits the spatial extent of Wnt signaling pathway activity, similar to how the Patched Ptc gene regulates the Hedgehog signaling pathway i.e., Nkd and Ptc shape tissue gradient s of Wnt and Hedgehog signaling. Nkd was linked to Wnt signaling based .... naked cuticle encodes an inducible antagonist of Wnt signalling. Nature. 2000 Feb 17 403 6771 789 .... Naked cuticle targets dishevelled to antagonize Wnt signal transduction. Genes Dev. 2001 Mar 15 15 ... R, Scott MP. Vertebrate proteins related to Drosophila Naked Cuticle bind Dishevelled and antagonize ... Naked cuticle Nkd . Dev Biol. 2007 Nov 15 311 2 538 53. Epub 2007 Sep 15.PMID 17942091 ref 2 a single ... localization motif is crucial for function of the Drosophila Wnt wingless antagonist Naked cuticle ... KA, Liu W. Mutations in the human naked cuticle homolog NKD1 found in colorectal cancer alter ... Naked cuticle Nkd engages the nuclear import adaptor Importin alpha3 to antagonize Wnt beta catenin ... naked cuticle by Wingless signaling. Dev Biol. 2008 Sep 15 321 2 446 54. Epub 2008 Jun 6.PMID 18585374 ... more details
unreferenced date January 2009 Primary enamel cuticle , also called Nasmyth s membrane , is thin Biological membrane membrane of tissue also known as reduced enamel epithelium produced by the ameloblast , that covers the tooth once it has erupted. This tissue is primarily basal lamina . It is usually worn away by mastication and cleaning. External links Tooth development References Oral Pathology Handbook 2008 2009 L.C. Schneider DEFAULTSORT Primary Enamel Cuticle Category Anatomy ... more details
Naked cuticle 2 NKD2 is a human gene that encodes the protein Nkd2, one of the Naked cuticle Nkd family of proteins that regulate the Wnt signaling pathway . ref Wharton KA Jr, Zimmermann G, Rousset R, Scott MP. Vertebrate proteins related to Drosophila Naked Cuticle bind Dishevelled and antagonize Wnt signaling. Dev Biol. 2001 Jun 1 234 1 93 106. PMID 11356022 ref ref Katoh M. Molecular cloning, gene structure, and expression analyses of NKD1 and NKD2. Int J Oncol. 2001 Nov 19 5 963 9. PMID 11604995 ref Both Nkd1 and Nkd2 proteins can bind to Dishevelled proteins DVL1 , DVL2 , DVL3 , but only Nkd2 can bind to the EGF ligand family member TGF alpha and regulate its polarized secretion in cultured epithelial cells. ref Li C, Franklin JL, Graves Deal R, Jerome WG, Cao Z, Coffey RJ. Myristoylated Naked2 escorts transforming growth factor alpha to the basolateral plasma membrane of polarized epithelial cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2004 Apr 13 101 15 5571 6. Epub 2004 Apr 2.PMID 15064403 ref Sources references After listing your sources please cite them using inline citations and place them after the information they cite. Please see http en.wikipedia.org wiki Wikipedia REFB for instructions on how to add citations. Category Human proteins ... more details
Naked cuticle 1 NKD1 is a human gene that encodes the protein Nkd1, a member of the Naked cuticle Nkd family of proteins that regulate the Wnt signaling pathway . ref Wharton KA Jr, Zimmermann G, Rousset R, Scott MP. Vertebrate proteins related to Drosophila Naked Cuticle bind Dishevelled and antagonize Wnt signaling. Dev Biol. 2001 Jun 1 234 1 93 106. PMID 11356022 ref ref Yan D, Wallingford JB, Sun TQ, Nelson AM, Sakanaka C, Reinhard C, Harland RM, Fantl WJ, Williams LT. Cell autonomous regulation of multiple Dishevelled dependent pathways by mammalian Nkd. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2001 Mar 27 98 7 3802 7. PMID 11274398 ref ref Katoh M. Molecular cloning, gene structure, and expression analyses of NKD1 and NKD2. Int J Oncol. 2001 Nov 19 5 963 9. PMID 11604995 ref Insects typically have a single Nkd gene, whereas there are two Nkd genes, Nkd1 and Nkd2 , in most vertebrates studied to date zebrafish appear to have additional homologous genes such as Nkd3 . ref Van Raay TJ, Coffey RJ, Solnica Krezel L. Zebrafish Naked1 and Naked2 antagonize both canonical and non canonical Wnt signaling. Dev Biol. 2007 Sep 15 309 2 151 68. Epub 2007 Apr 21. PMID 17689523 ref ref Schneider I, Schneider PN, Derry SW, Lin S, Barton LJ, Westfall T, Slusarski DC. Zebrafish Nkd1 promotes Dvl degradation and is required for left right patterning. Dev Biol. 2010 Dec 1 348 1 22 33. Epub 2010 Sep 19. PMID 20858476 ref Nkd1 binds to the Dishevelled Dvl family of proteins DVL1 , DVL2 , DVL3 , and specific NKD1 mutations identified in DNA mismatch repair deficient colon cancer that disrupt Nkd1 Dvl binding implicate these mutations as a cause of increased Wnt signaling in approximately 1 of human colon cancer, the majority of which have increased Wnt signaling due to mutations the adenomatous polyposis coli APC , AXIN2 , or rarely the beta catenin genes. ref Guo J, Cagatay T, Zhou G, Chan CC, Blythe ... in the human naked cuticle homolog NKD1 found in colorectal cancer alter Wnt Dvl beta catenin signaling ... more details
Reproductive initials are filaments below the Plant cuticlecuticle surface of algae and fungus fungi which give rise to the bulbs of spore producing Cell biology cell s in fungi, Conidium conidiophores . ref Cite journal url http www.apsnet.org phyto PDFS 1988 Phyto78n08 1104.PDF title Development of Cladosporium caryigenum in Pecan leaves ref References Reflist Category Algae Alga stub ... more details
Taenidiae are circumferential thickenings of the cuticle inside a Invertebrate trachea trachea or tracheole in an insect s respiratory system. The geometry of the taenidiae varies across different orders of insects and even throughout the tracheae in an individual organism. Taenidia generally take the form of either hoop or spiral thickenings of the tracheal cuticle. References reflist Mill, P.J., Tracheae and Tracheoles Microscopic Anatomy of Invertebrates , 11A, pp.303 336, 1998. Category insect anatomy insect anatomy stub pt Taenidia ... more details
procuticle , which is in turn secreted by the epidermis. Arthropod cuticle is a biological ... protein, with softer parts of the exoskeleton having a higher proportion of chitin. Although the cuticle ... of the exoskeleton. br In addition to the chitino proteinaceous composite of the cuticle, many crustaceans , some myriapod s and the extinct trilobites further impregnate the cuticle with mineral salts, above all calcium carbonate, which can make up up to 40 of the cuticle. This can lead to great mechanical strength. Mechanical properties The two layers of the cuticle have different properties. The outer ... Nedin1999 The degree of scleritisation affects how the cuticle responds to deformation. Below a certain point and this point will be higher the more scleritised the cuticle is deformation is elastic ... deformation occurs until finally the cuticle cracks. ref name Nedin1999 Segmentation The arthropod ... involved. Before the old exoskeleton is shed, the cuticle separates from the epidermis through a process called apolysis. New cuticle is excreted by the underlying epidermis, and mineral salts are usually withdrawn from the old cuticle for re use. After the old cuticle is shed, the arthropod typically pumps up its body for example, by air or water intake to allow the new cuticle to expand to a larger size the process of hardening by dehydration of the cuticle then takes place. Newly molted arthropods typically appear pale or white, and darken as the cuticle hardens. References Reflist ... more details
for the genus of flies Apolysis genus Noref date June 2009 Image Imperial moth 3rdinstar sjh.JPG right thumb 250px Eacles imperialis caterpillar undergoing apolysis Apolysis lang grc discharge, lit. absolution is the separation of the cuticula from the Epidermis zoology epidermis in arthropod s and related groups Ecdysozoa . Since the cuticula of these animals is also the skeletal support of the body and is inelastic, it is shed during growth and a new covering of larger dimensions is formed. During this process, an arthropod becomes dormant for a period of time. Enzymes are secreted to digest the inner layers of the existing cuticle, detaching the animal from the outer cuticle. This allows the new cuticle to develop without being exposed to the environmental elements. After apolysis, ecdysis occurs. Ecdysis is the actual emergence of the arthropod into the environment and always occurs directly after apolysis. The newly emerged animal then hardens and continues its life. Category Developmental biology ... more details
unreferenced date July 2011 A sensillum pl . sensilla is an insect sensory organ protruding from the cuticle , or sometime lying within or beneath it. Sensilla are divided in chemical, mechanical e.g. Campaniform sensilla , thermal and visual. References reflist Category Insect anatomy insect anatomy stub es Sensilia fr sensille ... more details
Amphids Greek language Greek amphi , around, double are innervated invaginations of cuticle in nematode s. They are usually found in the anterior head region of the animal, at the base of the lips. Amphids are the principal chemosensory organs of nematodes. Each amphid is made up of 12 sensory neuron s with ciliated dendrite s. Category Nematodes nematode stub et Amfiid ... more details
The term pellis refers to the cellular cortical layers of a mushroom . The term was introduced by Dutch mycologist Cornelis Bas in 1969, who distinguished different layers of the pellis as suprapellis, mediopellis and subpellis. ref cite journal last Bas C. year 1969 title Morphology and subdivision of Amanita and a monograph on its section Lepidella journal Persoonia volume 5 issue pages 285 579 ref He also distinguished various topographies of the pellis. For example, pileipellis refers to the cuticle of the mushroom pileus mycology pileus or cap , while stipitipellis is the cuticle of the stipe mycology stipe the stem . References reflist Category Fungal morphology and anatomy Category Mycology Fungus stub ... more details
Automatic taxobox fossil range Early Devonian authority Istchenko and Istchenko, 1979 synonyms species list Donotela fistulata Istchenko and Istchenko Bitelaria is a genus of vascular plant from the Early Devonian, with a thick cuticle. ref name Johnson1992a cite jstor 2995584 ref The cell outlines in its cuticle contain a complex pore like pattern. ref name ref cite jstor 3514860 ref It possesses tracheophytes and other complex structures. ref name Johnson1992 cite doi 10.1016 0034 6667 92 90141 3 ref reflist Category Devonian life ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2010 Tissue hydration is the process of absorbing and retaining water in Tissue biology biological tissues . Plants Land plants maintain adequate tissue hydration by means of an outer waterproof layer. In soft or green tissues, this is usually a waxy plant cuticle cuticle over the outer epidermis botany epidermis . In older, wood y tissues, waterproofing chemicals are present in the secondary cell wall that limit or inhibit the flow of water. Vascular plant s also possess an internal vascular system that distributes fluid throughout the plant. Some xerophyte s, such as Cactus cacti and other desert plants, have mucilage in their tissues. This is a sticky substance that holds water within the plant, reducing the rate of dehydration. Some seed s and spore s remain dormant until adequate moisture is present, at which time the seed or spore begins to germinate. Animals Animals maintain adequate tissue hydration by means of 1 an outer skin , Exoskeleton shell , or cuticle 2 a fluid filled coelom cavity and 3 a circulatory system . In humans, a significant drop in tissue hydration can lead to the medical condition of dehydration . This may result from loss of water itself, loss of electrolytes, or a loss of blood plasma. Some invertebrates are able to survive extreme desiccation of their tissues by entering a state of cryptobiosis . See also Osmoregulation Category Plant physiology Category Animal physiology biology stub ... more details
image Russula mustelina 121441.jpg thumb 300px right The cuticle of some mushrooms, such as Russula mustelina shown here, can be peeled from the cap, and may be useful as an identification feature. The pileipellis is the uppermost layer of hyphae in the pileus mycology pileus of a fungal basidiocarp fruit body . It covers the trama mycology trama , the fleshy tissue of the fruit body. The pileipellis is more or less synonymous with the cuticle , but the cuticle generally describes this layer as a macroscopic feature, while pileipellis refers to this structure as a microscopic layer. Pileipellis type is an important character in the identification of fungi. Pileipellis types include the cutis , trichoderm , epithelium , and hymeniderm types. Types Cutis A cutis is a type of pileipellis characterized by hyphae that are repent, that is, that run parallel to the pileus surface. In an ixocutis, the hyphae are gelatinous. Trichoderm In a trichoderm, the outermost hyphae emerge roughly parallel, like hairs, perpendicular to the cap surface. ref name court1999 ref name Moser The prefix tricho comes from a Greek word for hair . In an ixotrichodermium, the outermost hyphae are gelatinous. Epithelium An epithelium is a pileipellis consisting of rounded cells in multiple layers, often connected in chains, and sometimes breaking off. ref name Moser ref http www.homepages.hetnet.nl idakees Glossary.htm Glossary of Coprinus site of Kees Ulj ref Hymeniderm Also called hymeniform, or palisade at times. When viewed from above, a hymeniderm or cellular cuticle appears to be paved with roughly circular polygonal elements similar to the fertile cells of the actual hymenium on the gills . The elements may be globular cells or may be the tips of hyphae extending deeper into the surface. ref name court1999 R gis Courtecuisse Mushrooms of Britain & Europe Harper Collins 1999 . ISBN 0 00 220012 0 see Glossary. ref ref name Moser Meinhard Moser, translated by Simon Plant Keys to Agarics and Boleti ... more details
The cortex of the hair shaft is located between the hair cuticle and Medulla hair medulla . ref name Andrews James, William Berger, Timothy Elston, Dirk 2005 Andrews Diseases of the Skin Clinical Dermatology 10th ed. . Saunders. Page 8. ISBN 0 7216 2921 0. ref References Reflist integumentary system Dermatology stub Category Hair anatomy cs Vlasov k ra ... more details
protein name keratin 82 caption image width HGNCid 6459 Symbol KRT82 AltSymbols KRTHB2 EntrezGene 3888 OMIM RefSeq NM 033033 UniProt PDB ECnumber Chromosome 12 Arm q Band 13 LocusSupplementaryData KRT82 is a keratin gene. This is a type II keratin and appears to be a hair cuticle specific. ref http www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov gene 3888 ref genetics stub Reflist Cytoskeletal proteins ... more details
Cutinite is a liptinite maceral formed from terrestrial plant cuticle s, and often found in coal deposits. It is classified as a Type II kerogen . ref Unicorns in the Garden of Good and Evil Part 2 Coal by E R Crain, Can Soc Petrol Geol Reservoir, Dec 2010, Vol 37, issue 11, pages 21 26 ref ref http mccoy.lib.siu.edu projects crelling2 atlas macerals mactut.html ref References Reflist Category Coal Category Petrology petrology stub ... more details
The inner root sheath of the hair follicle is located between the outer root sheath and the hair shaft. ref name Andrews James, William Berger, Timothy Elston, Dirk 2005 Andrews Diseases of the Skin Clinical Dermatology 10th ed. . Saunders. Page 8. ISBN 0 7216 2921 0. ref It is made of three layers Henle s layer , Huxley s layer , and the cuticle . ref name Bailey cite title A text book of histology url http books.google.com books?id lsEEAQAAIAAJ&pg PA359 pages 359 560 first Frederick Randolph last Bailey publisher W. Wood, University of California year 1910 ref Henle s layer is the outermost layer of the inner root sheath, consisting of a single row of Cuboidal epithelia cubical transparent cells that do not contain Cell nucleus nuclei . Huxley s layer is in the middle, made up of approximately two rows of flattened cells with granular protoplasm . The cuticle of the root sheath is in the center, continuous with the outermost layer of the hair fiber. ref name Bailey References Reflist integumentary system Dermatology stub Category Hair anatomy ... more details
for the Romania n village Pesti u Mic Cutin is one of two wax y polymers that are the main components of the plant cuticle , which covers all aerial surfaces of plant s. The other major cuticle polymer is cutan , which is much more readily taphonomy preserved in the fossil record, ref name Briggs1999 citation last Briggs first D.E.G. year 1999 title Molecular taphonomy of animal and plant cuticles selective preservation and diagenesis journal Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences volume 354 issue 1379 pages 7 17 url http journals.royalsociety.org index 7TTY8KM0Y9PADF1X.pdf doi 10.1098 rstb.1999.0356 ref . Cutin consists of omega hydroxy acid s and their derivatives, which are interlinked via ester bonds, forming a polyester polymer of indeterminate size. There are two major monomer families of cutin, the C16 and C18 families. The C16 family consists mainly of Palmitic acid 16 hydroxy palmitic acid and 9,16 or 10,16 dihydroxypalmitic acid. The C18 family consists mainly of oleic acid 18 hydroxyoleic acid , stearic acid 9,10 epoxy 18 hydroxystearic acid , and 9,10,18 trihydroxystearate. ref name Holloway1982 Holloway, PJ 1982 . The chemical constitution of plant cutins . In Cutler, DF, Alvin, KL and Price, CE 1982 The Plant Cuticle. Academic Press London, pp 45 85. ref Cutin is sometimes confused with suberin . fact date March 2009 References reflist botany stub Category Polyesters Category Plant anatomy Category Plant physiology bg de Cutin fr Cutine io Kutino id Kutin it Cuticola jv Kutin lt Kutinas nl Cutine pl Kutyna ru fi Kutiini uk ... more details
Cutan is one of two polymer s which occur in the plant cuticlecuticle of some plants. The other and better known polymer is Cutin . Cutan is believed to be a hydrocarbon polymer, whereas cutin is a polyester , but the structure and synthesis of cutan are not yet fully understood. Cutin is not present in as many plants as once thought for instance it is absent in Ginkgo . ref name Briggs1999 Cite journal last Briggs first D.E.G. year 1999 title Molecular taphonomy of animal and plant cuticles selective preservation and diagenesis journal Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences volume 354 issue 1379 pages 7 17 url http journals.royalsociety.org index 7TTY8KM0Y9PADF1X.pdf doi 10.1098 rstb.1999.0356 postscript None ref Cutan was first detected as a non saponification saponifiable component, resistant to de esterification by alkaline hydrolysis , that increases in amount in cuticles of some species such as Clivia miniata as they reach maturity, apparently replacing the cutin secreted in the early stages of cuticle development Schmidt and Sch nherr, 1982 . Evidence that cutan is a hydrocarbon polymer comes from the fact that its flash pyrolysis products are a characteristic homologous series of paired alkane s and alkene s Nip et al. 1986 Its preservation potential is much greater than that of cutin. ref name Briggs1999 References reflist Schmidt, H. W. and Sch nherr, J. 1982 Development of plant cuticles occurrence and role of non ester bonds in cutin of Clivia miniata Reg. leaves, Planta, 156, pp. 380 384. Nip, M., Tegelaar, E. W., de Leeuw, J. W., Schenck, P. A., and Holloway, P. J. 1986 A new non saponifiable highly aliphatic and resistant bioploymer in plant cuticles. Evidence from pyrolysis and sup 13 sup C NMR analysis of present day and fossil plants. Naturwissenschaften, 73, pp. 579 585. Further reading cite doi 10.1016 j.orggeochem.2004.10.017 Category Organic polymers Category Plant anatomy Category Plant physiology Category Fossil ... more details
Encyclopedia
top
