channel s, cutofffrequency applies to an edge in a lowpass , highpass , bandpass , or band ... and upper cutoff wavelengths . Cutofffrequency can also refer to the plasma frequency . Electronics In electronics , cutofffrequency or corner frequency is the frequency either above or below which ... to define the cutofffrequency as the point after the last peak in the frequency response at which ... points by Reflection physics reflection from the layer. Waveguides The cutofffrequency of an waveguide ... wavelength that will propagate in an optical fiber or Waveguide optics waveguide . The cutofffrequency ... to zero and solving for the frequency. Thus, any exciting frequency lower than the cutofffrequency ... the waveguide. For a rectangular waveguide, the cutofffrequency is math omega c c sqrt left frac ... the lengths of the sides of the rectangle. The cutofffrequency of the TM sub 01 sub mode next ... mode TE sub 11 sub cutofffrequency is given by math omega c c frac chi 11 r c frac 1.8412 r math ... b right 2 k z 2, math which is the dispersion relation in the rectangular waveguide. The cutofffrequency ... valid below the cutofffrequency, where the longitudinal wave number is imaginary. In this case, the field ... timeconstant.htm Conversion of cutofffrequency f sub c sub and time constant http mathworld.wolfram.com ... graniczna filtru pt Frequ ncia de corte ru su Cutofffrequency sv Brytfrekvens ...About signal processing other uses Cutoff disambiguation File Bandwidth.svg thumb right 300px Magnitude transfer function of a bandpass filter with lower 3 dB cutofffrequency f sub 1 sub and upper 3dB cutofffrequency f sub 2 sub File Butterworth response.png right thumb 300px A bode plot of the Butterworth filter s frequency response , with corner frequency labeled. The slope &minus 20 dB per decade also equals &minus 6 dB per octave. In physics and electrical engineering , a cutofffrequency , corner frequency , or break frequency is a boundary in a system s frequency response at which ... more details
In optics , spatial cutofffrequency is a precise way to quantify the smallest object Optical resolution resolvable by an optical system. Due to diffraction at the image plane, all optical systems act as low pass filter s with a finite ability to resolve detail. If it were not for the effects of diffraction, a 2 aperture telescope could theoretically be used to read newspapers on a planet circling Alpha Centauri , over four light year s distant. Unfortunately, the wave nature of light will never permit this to happen. The spatial cutofffrequency for a perfectly corrected optical system is given by math f o 1 over lambda times mathrm f mathrm cycles millimeter , math where math lambda math is the wavelength expressed in millimeters and f is the lens focal ratio . As an example, a telescope having an focal ratio f 6 objective and imaging at 0.55 micrometers has a spatial cutofffrequency of 303 cycles millimeter. High resolution black and white film is capable of resolving details on the film as small as 3 micrometers or smaller, thus its cutofffrequency is about 150 cycles millimeter. So, the telescope s optical resolution is about twice that of high resolution film, and a crisp, sharp picture would result provided focus optics focus is perfect and atmospheric turbulence is at a minimum . This formula gives the best case resolution performance and is valid only for perfect optical systems. The presence of aberration s reduces image contrast vision contrast and can effectively reduce the system spatial cutofffrequency if the image contrast falls below the ability of the imaging device to discern. See also Modulation transfer function Superlens References Goodman, J.A., Introduction to Fourier Optics , McGraw Hill, 1969. Category Optics ... more details
wiktionary cut off cutoffCutoff or cut off or cut off may refer to tocright Science and technology Cutoff physics , a threshold value for a quantity Cutoff solvent , the value of the wavelength at which the solvent absorbs all of the light and analytes can not be detected Cutoff reference value , a Reference range One sided cut off values one sided reference range Cutoff steam engine , the point in the piston stroke at which the inlet valve is closed Cutoff metalworking , a piercing operation used to cut a workpiece from the stock Cutoff grade , in mining, the level of mineral in an ore below which it is not economically feasible to mine it Cutofffrequency , in telecommunications and digital signal processing Cut off electronics , when in a MOSFET device the gate to source control voltage is less than a threshold value denoted by math V T math or math V Th math then the channel is said to be cut off , imposing the flow of a very low drain to source current Meander cutoff , a course change ..., Railroads and Trails As a route, a cutoff or cut off refers to a new route that is shorter than the old or former route. Elliott Cutoff , a covered wagon road that branched off the Oregon Trail at the Malheur River Goodale s Cutoff , formed a spur of the Oregon Trail in Idaho, United States Lackawanna ..., built by the Lackawanna Railroad Lucin Cutoff , a railroad line that crosses the Great Salt Lake in Utah Meek Cutoff , a covered wagon road that branched off the Oregon Trail in north eastern Oregon Patterson Creek Cutoff , an abandoned railroad line built by the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad in northern West Virginia and Western Maryland Salt Lake Cutoff , one of the many shortcuts that branched ... , a town in the United States Meek s Cutoff , a 2010 outlaw western film directed by Kelly Reichardt Position poker , cutoff is the seat to the right of the dealer or button, second best position See also Cutting off , a hazardous driving technique disambiguation de Cut off it Cutoff disambigua pl ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2009 In theoretical physics , cutoff is an arbitrary maximal or minimal value of energy , momentum , or length , used in order that objects with larger or smaller values than these physical quantity physical quantities are ignored in some calculation. It is usually represented within a particular energy scale energy or length scale , such as Planck units . When used in this context, the traditional terms infrared and ultraviolet are not literal references to specific regions of the spectrum. Infrared and ultraviolet cutoff An infrared cutoff long distance cutoff is the minimal value of energy or, equivalently, the maximal wavelength usually a very large distance that will be taken into account in a calculation, typically an integral. At the opposite end of the energy scale, an ultraviolet cutoff is the maximal allowed energy or the shortest allowed distance usually a very short length scale . Effect on calculation A typical use of cutoffs is to prevent mathematical singularity singularities from appearing during calculation. If some quantities are computed as integral s over energy or another physical quantity, these cutoffs determine the limits of integration. The exact physics is reproduced when the appropriate cutoffs are sent to zero or infinity. However, these integrals are often divergent see IR divergence and UV divergence and a cutoff is needed. The dependence of physical quantities on the chosen cutoffs especially the ultraviolet cutoffs is the main focus of the theory of the renormalization group . See also Infrared fixed point Ultraviolet fixed point Category Quantum field theory Category Statistical mechanics Category Renormalization group it Cutoff de Cutoff ... more details
unref date September 2010 In mining , the mine cutoff grade is the level of mineral in an ore below which it is not economically feasible to mine it. The mill cutoff grade is the level below which already mined ore is not worth processing. The mine cut off grade is estimated or chosen during a mining feasibility study . The cut off grade for different elements is Iron 55 Aluminium 30 Copper 5 Gold 0.0001 Uranium 0.0003 Category Mining engineering Category Mineral economics mining stub ... more details
Infobox nrhp name Goodale s Cutoff nrhp type image Goodale s Cutoff NPS.jpg caption nearest city Arco, Idaho lat degrees 43 lat minutes 28 lat seconds 48 lat direction N long degrees 113 long minutes 33 long seconds 52 long direction W locmapin Idaho area built 1852 architect architecture added May 01, 1974 ref name nris NRISref 2008a ref governing body Bureau of Land Management refnum 74000735 Goodale s Cutoff formed a spur of the Oregon Trail beginning in Idaho , United States . The cutoff left the trail near Fort Hall, Idaho Fort Hall , crossed the Snake River Plain to the Lost River Idaho Lost River , and then turned west to the area of Boise, Idaho Boise , crossing Camas Prairie . It rejoined the main trail from Ditto Creek to Boise, then ran to the north of the main trail, crossing the Snake River into Oregon at Brownlee, Oregon Brownlee s Ferry . In Oregon travelers could now reach the Eagle Valley Oregon Eagle Valley and Pine Valley Oregon Pine Valley areas, and the gold mines in Auburn, Oregon Auburn . ref http www.history.idaho.gov sites default files uploads reference series 1075.pdf Goodale s Cutoff Midvale Hill Boise to Brownlee, in 1862 ref ref http www.history.idaho.gov sites default files uploads reference series 1048.pdf Goodale s Cutoff from Boise Valley to Powder River ref ref http www.idahogenealogy.com goodale mapping marking.htm Conclusions about Mapping and Marking the Goodale North ref The cutoff rejoined the main Oregon Trail at the Powder River Oregon Powder River , near Baker City, Oregon Baker City . ref cite web url http www.hscl.cr.nps.gov insidenps ... Structures title Goodale s Cutoff publisher National Park Service ref ref http pdfhost.focus.nps.gov docs NRHP Text 74000735.pdf Goodale s Cutoff National Register of Historic Places Inventory Nomination ... s Cutoff North of Timmerman Hill http www.nps.gov crmo historyculture goodales cutoff.htm Goodale s Cutoff National Register of Historic Places Category National Register of Historic Places in Idaho ... more details
In electronics , the cutoff voltage is the voltage at which a battery is considered fully discharged, and it is good practice to stop discharge at this point. Some electronic devices, such as cell phones, will automatically shut down when the cutoff voltage has been reached. Batteries In batteries,the cutoff final voltage is the prescribed lower limit voltage at which Battery electricity battery discharge is considered complete. The cutoff voltage is usually chosen so that the maximum useful capacity of the battery is achieved. The cutoff voltage is different from one battery to the other and it s highly dependent on the type of battery and the kind of service in which the battery is used. When testing the capacity of a NiMH or Nickel cadmium battery NiCd battery a cutoff voltage of 1.0 V is normally used. 0.9V is normally used as the cutoff voltage of an alkaline cell . Devices that have too high cutoff voltages may stop operating while the battery still has significant capacity remaining. ref cite journal last Warner first R.M., Jr. date June 1963 title Epitaxial FET cutoff voltage journal Proceedings of the IEEE volume 51 issue 6 pages 939 940 issn 939 940 ref Premature voltage cut off Some wikt portable portable equipment does not fully use the low end voltage spectrum of a Battery electricity battery . The equipment cuts off before the designated end of discharge voltage is reached, leaving some battery power unused. A high cutoff voltage problem is more widespread than is commonly assumed. For example, a certain brand of mobile phone that is powered with a single cell Lithium ion battery cuts off at 3.3V. The Li ion can be discharged to 3V and lower. With a discharge to 3.3V, only about 70 percent of the expected 100 percent capacity is used. Fact date June 2009 See also Cut off electronics External links http www.rcgroups.com forums showthread.php?t 9642 Samples of Low Voltage Cut Off Relay Circuits http cat.inist.fr ?aModele afficheN&cpsidt 17248454 Effect of discharge ... more details
for the historical wagon road and actual events from which this film takes its name Meek Cutoff Infobox film name Meek s Cutoff image Meeks cutoff poster.jpg caption Theatrical release poster director Kelly Reichardt producer Elizabeth Cuthrell br Neil Kopp br Anish Savjani br David Urrutia writer Jonathan Raymond narrator starring Michelle Williams actress Michelle Williams br Paul Dano br Bruce Greenwood br Shirley Henderson br Neal Huff br Zoe Kazan br Tommy Nelson br Will Patton music Jeff Grace cinematography Chris Blauvelt editing Kelly Reichardt studio Evenstar Films br Film Science br Harmony Productions br Primitive Nerd distributor Oscilloscope Pictures released Film date 2010 9 4 67th Venice International Film Festival Venice 2011 4 8 United States runtime 104 minutes country Film US language English budget Meek s Cutoff is a 2010 western film directed by Kelly Reichardt . The film was shown in competition at the 67th Venice International Film Festival . ref name venezia67 cite web url http www.labiennale.org en cinema festival lineup off sel venezia67 title Venezia 67 accessdate ... fated journey through the Oregon desert along the route later known as the Meek Cutoff . Cast File Meek s Cutoff ensemble.jpg thumb left Castmembers from Meek s Cutoff from left to right, starting ... speed unseen in most westerns, Meek s Cutoff is an effective, intense journey of terror and survival in the untamed frontier. ref cite web url http www.rottentomatoes.com m meeks cutoff title Meek s Cutoff publisher Rotten Tomatoes accessdate nowrap July 5 , 2011 ref At Metacritic , which ... an average score of 85 based on 36 reviews. ref cite web url http www.metacritic.com movie meeks cutoff title Meek s Cutoff publisher Metacritic accessdate nowrap July 5 , 2011 ref References Reflist ... title meekscutoff http www.metacritic.com movie meeks cutoff Meek s Cutoff at Metacritic rotten tomatoes meeks cutoff Kelly Reichardt DEFAULTSORT Meeks Cutoff Category 2010 films Category American films ... more details
Image HastingsCutoff.gif right thumb 250px Route of the California Trail and Hastings Cutoff in the western United States The Hastings Cutoff was an alternate route for emigrants to travel to California ... The Emigrant s Guide to Oregon and California . A sentence in the book briefly describes the cutoff ... of St. Francisco, by the route just described. blockquote The cutoff left the Oregon Trail at Fort ... Trail about seven miles west of modern Elko, Nevada Elko also Emigrant Pass . The west end of the cutoff .... Between 60 and 75 wagons did so and traveled with Hastings on his cutoff. They endured a difficult ... an unsuccessful experience with the Hastings Cutoff. They had arrived about a week late to travel ... site of Salt Lake City, Utah Salt Lake City . The company chose to use the Hastings Cutoff passing through modern day Emigration Canyon . Young s group made remarkable improvements to some parts of the cutoff ... the tracks. A few years later, Mormon emigration companies abandoned the majority of the cutoff ... and 1850 used the Hastings Cutoff. The year 1850 saw the development of a new route called the Salt Lake Cutoff that avoided the Great Salt Lake Desert west of the lake. Subsequently, the Hastings Cutoff ..., Charles . Salt Desert Trails. Hastings Cutoff Sesquicentennial ed. Edited by Peter H. DeLafosse. Salt ... Drive The 1846 Hastings Cutoff Overland Journal, Oregon California Trails Association , Vol. 12, No. 2, Summer 1994. Spedden, H. Rush., Hastings Cutoff Bryant s Trail to Skull Valley Overland Journal ... Cutoff Grantsville to Donner Springs, May 1996 . Salt Lake City, UT Utah Crossroads Chapter, Oregon California Trails Association , 1996. Tea, Roy D., ed. Hastings Longtripp A Hastings Cutoff ... Trails Association , 1996. Tea, Roy D., ed. The Hastings Cutoff A Tragic Decision The Weber ... historical hastingscutoff.html Hastings Cutoff Trail Guides by Roy D. Tea http www.utahcrossroads.org RTFrames.htm Roy Tea s Hastings Cutoff Page Category California Trail Category Donner party ... more details
frequency analysis Cutofffrequency Downsampling Electronic filter Falsetto Flashes Per Minute Frequency ... frequency top to highest frequency bottom . f is the frequency in hertz Hz , meaning the number of cycles ... are reciprocal mathematics reciprocals . Frequency is the number of occurrences of a repeating event per unit time . It is also referred to as temporal frequency . The period is the duration of one turn geometry cycle in a repeating event, so the period is the reciprocal mathematics reciprocal of the frequency. For example, if a newborn baby s heart beats at a frequency of 120 times a minute, its ... processes, such as rotation , oscillation s, or wave s, frequency is defined as a number of cycles per unit time. In physics and engineering disciplines, such as optics , acoustics , and radio , frequency ... SI units, the unit of frequency is the hertz Hz , named after the German physicist Heinrich Hertz ... by one cycle, and is the reciprocal mathematics reciprocal of the frequency f math T frac 1 f math ... than those above. The horizontal axis represents time. By counting Calculating the frequency of a repeating ... within 15 seconds the frequency is math f frac 71 15 , mbox sec approx 4.7 , mbox hertz , math If the number ... an average error in the calculated frequency of f 1 2 T sub m sub , or a fractional ... interval and f is the measured frequency. This error decreases with frequency, so it is a problem ... the frequency of rotating or vibrating objects is to use a stroboscope . This is an intense repetitively flashing light strobe light whose frequency can be adjusted with a calibrated timing circuit. The strobe light is pointed at the rotating object and the frequency adjusted up and down. When the frequency of the strobe equals the frequency of the rotating or vibrating object, the object completes ... when illuminated by the strobe the object appears stationary. Then the frequency can be read from the calibrated ... multiple of the strobing frequency will also appear stationary. By frequency counter Higher ... more details
File OxbowAnimation.gif thumb right Animation of the formation of an oxbow lake A meander cutoff occurs when a meander bend in a river is breached by a chute channel that connects the two closest parts of the bend. This causes the flow to abandon the meander and to continue straight downslope. Cutoffs are a natural part of the evolution of a meandering river, and have also been used to artificially shorten the length of meandering rivers for navigation. File Reverie TN 08 former MS river S.jpg thumb left View along the former Mississippi River riverbed at the Tennessee Arkansas state line near Reverie, Tennessee 2007 In March, 1876, a cutoff formed suddenly across the neck of a meander in the Mississippi River near Reverie, Tennessee , shortening the river s course and leaving the town connected to Arkansas but across the new river channel from the rest of Tennessee. River morphology Category Fluvial landforms Category Geomorphology geomorph stub de Umlaufberg ... more details
The Elliott Cutoff was a covered wagon road that branched off the Oregon Trail at the Malheur River where ... Cutoff after Stephen Meek , a former trapper who led over 1,000 emigrants into the Harney ... . ref Leah Collins Menefee, Donald F. Menefee, and Lowell Tiller. Cutoff Fever I, Oregon Historical ... in Western Oregon, so most emigrants settled in northwestern Oregon. ref Menefee and Tiller, Cutoff ... Indians came to trade with the Kalapuya people Kalapuya Indians. ref Menefee and Tiller, Cutoff I, 324 ..., and a J. Clark. ref Menefee and Tiller, Cutoff I, 321. ref On July 19, 1852, Macy and Diamond made ... River. ref Menefee and Tiller, Cutoff I, 323. ref The Road Viewers left the Willamette Valley on August 20, 1852. ref Menefee and Tiller, Cutoff I, 327. ref Once they finished the road survey, they tried to follow the remaining route to Vale, Oregon, where the cutoff was to begin. They continued ... , a place where some of Meek s emigrants had stumbled onto gold nuggets. ref Menefee and Tiller, Cutoff .... ref Menefee and Tiller, Cutoff I, 335 336. ref ref Ruby, Robert, John Brown and Cary Collins. A Guide ... with Native Americans. ref Menefee and Tiller, Cutoff I, 337 340. ref Free Emigrant Road Because emigrants .... Menefee, and Lowell Tiller. Cutoff Fever II, Oregon Historical Quarterly Portland Oregon Historical ... haste until they reached a branch of the Deschutes River. ref Menefee and Tiller, Cutoff II, 62 ... Leah Collins Menefee, Donald F. Menefee, and Lowell Tiller. Cutoff Fever V, Oregon Historical Quarterly ... with the 1853 emigration. ref Menefee and Tiller, Cutoff 329. ref Before he left, sponsors of the new road commissioned Elliott to lead a wagon train on the Meek Cutoff, across Harney Basin to the Deschutes ... F. Menefee, and Lowell Tiller. Cutoff Fever III, Oregon Historical Quarterly Portland Oregon Historical ... then headed back to what is now Vale where the Cutoff begins along the Malheur River. Here he ..., Cutoff III, 147. ref The Cutoff was around convert 130 mi km shorter for destinations in the Upper ... more details
Infobox NRHP name Southern Pacific Railroad Ogden Lucin Cut Off Trestle nrhp type image Lucin Cutoff aerial.jpg caption Aerial view of the Lucin Cutoff nearest city Ogden, Utah lat degrees 41 lat minutes 13 lat seconds 0 lat direction N long degrees 112 long minutes 41 long seconds 40 long direction W coord display inline,title locmapin Utah built 1902 architect Hood,William architecture added April 14, 1972 area convert 143 acre governing body Private refnum 72001257 ref name nris NRISref version 2009a ref File Mid Lake Station Great Salt Lake Souithern Pacific Railroad.JPG thumb left The line included a rail station called Mid Lake, which was in the middle of Great Salt Lake. The Lucin Cutoff is a railroad line which included a railroad trestle which crossed the Great Salt Lake in Utah . Built by the Southern Pacific Company between February 1902 and March 1904 across Promontory Point , it bypassed the original Central Pacific Railroad route through Promontory Summit where the Golden Spike was driven in 1869. By going west across the lake from Ogden, Utah to Lucin, Utah , it cut off 43 miles and avoided curvatures and grades. In 1944 it was the site of a Bagley train wreck train wreck in which 48 people were killed . The trestle was eventually replaced in the late 1950s with a parallel causeway built under contract by the Morrison Knudsen construction company. br clear left References reflist External links http www.trestlewood.com page 1020 Lucin Cutoff Railroad Trestle http engwonders.byethost9.com e031.html Across the Great Salt Lake Registered Historic Places Category Southern Pacific Railroad Category Bridges completed in 1904 Category Railroad bridges in Utah Category Rail infrastructure in Utah Category Bridges on the National Register of Historic Places in Utah Category Railway related listings on the National Register of Historic Places Category Transportation in Box Elder County, Utah Category Transportation in Weber County, Utah Category Great Salt Lake ... more details
Unreferenced date November 2009 A thermal cutoff is an Electricity electrical safety device that interrupts electric current when heat ed to a specific temperature . Thermal fuse A thermal fuse is a cutoff which uses a one time fusible link . Unlike the thermal switch which automatically reset s itself when the temperature drops, the thermal fuse is more like an Fuse electrical electrical fuse a single use device that cannot be reset and must be replaced when it fails or is triggered. A thermal fuse is most useful when the overheating is a result of a rare occurrence, such as failure requiring repair which would also replace the fuse or replacement at the end of service life . One mechanism is a small meltable pellet that holds down a spring. When the pellet melts, the spring is released, separating the contacts and breaking the circuit. The NEC Sefuse SF E series, Microtemp G4A series and Elmwood D series, for example, use pellets that contain Copper , Beryllium , and Silver . Thermal fuses are usually found in heat producing electrical small appliance appliance s such as coffeemaker s and hair dryer s. They function as safety devices to disconnect the current to the heating element in case of a malfunction such as a wikt defect defective thermostat that would otherwise allow the temperature to rise to dangerous levels, possibly starting a fire . File Thermal Fuse CJC01.png thumb right A thermal fuse protecting a small motor. Unlike electrical fuses or circuit breaker s, thermal fuses only react to excessive temperature, not excessive current, unless the excessive current is sufficient to cause the thermal fuse itself to heat up to the wikt trigger trigger temperature. Such an arrangement may be found in a surge protector. The thermal fuses are wired in series with the varistors when the varistors conduct, the fuse heats up and fails, which eliminates the risk of fire ... Thermal Cutoff Category Electric power systems components Category Safety switches nl Temperatuur ... more details
for the 2010 film Meek s Cutoff The Meek Cutoff was a covered wagon road that branched off the Oregon Trail in northeastern Oregon . First used in 1845, it left the main trail at Vale, Oregon and followed the Malheur River to head into the Harney Basin . It then turned west towards Wagontire Mountain, and north to the south fork of the Crooked River Oregon Crooked River where it split into two routes. Each path led to the Deschutes River Oregon Deschutes River . The two routes reunited north of where the Crooked River empties into the Deschutes and then continued to The Dalles, Oregon . The road is named for frontiersman Stephen Meek , who was hired to lead the first wagon train along it. The journey was a particularly hard one, and many of the pioneers lost their lives. File Meek photo.jpg thumb 325px Stephen Meek File Grave of Sarah King Chambers.jpg thumb 325px right The grave of Sarah King Chambers. The caption reads Mrs. S Chambers Sep 3rd 1845 File Meek s Ruts.jpg thumb 325px right Ruts of Meek s and Elliott s wagons near Westfall , Oregon File Meek Tree.jpg thumb 325px right Tree marked by Meek s followers in 1845, located east of Bend, OR. The branch is now on display in the Deschutes ... Clark and Lowell Tiller. Terrible Trail The Meek Cutoff, 1845, Bend, OR Maverick Publications Inc ... sick when the train took the cutoff. Just west of Castle Rock and along the North Fork of the Malheur ... persons. blockquote Parker later added these remarks blockquote Tuck what is called Meeks cutoff a bad cutoff for all that tuck it. ref Samuel Parker, Diary, 1845 Portland, OR MSS 1508, Oregon Historical ... of the journey. ref Clark and Tiller. Terrible Trail, p. 138 143. ref The Meek Cutoff is one of sixteen ... 358.html ref The blazing of the Meek Cutoff led to later wagon roads and the settlement of the eastern ... Cutoff References Reflist External links http www.oregonhistorictrailsfund.org trails showtrail.php?id 7 Meek Cutoff article by the Oregon Historic Trails Fund http mtmen.org mtman html smeek.html ... more details
Infobox musical artist name The Frequency image image size 220 caption From left to right Marc Cazorla, Alex Stiff background group or band origin Los Angeles , California , United States genre Indie rock , Electronica , Ambient music Ambient years active 2005 present label Ropeadope Records br Trussed website http www.thefrequencymusic.net Official Website current members Marc Cazorla br Alex Stiff br Mark Quinn The Frequency are an independent rock band from Los Angeles, CA. Marc Cazorla and Alex Stiff are the core songwriting and recording duo behind the music and use an array of analog and vintage instruments in creating sounds that have been described by NME as stripped back music strengthened by simplicity as much as beauty . Q Magazine has given the new release Morning to 3 A.M. 3 out of 4 stars and hails the band as able to form perfectly crafted Air like synth pop while also stretching their wings on the 17 minute ever shifting psych rock track Ego Is the Drug 3 A.M. The Frequency have recently signed a worldwide publishing deal with http www.chrysalismusic.co.uk Chrysalis Music in the UK and the song Jim Gordon Part II has been heard all over the globe due to being licensed for a yearlong BlackBerry television commercial campaign. Music from The Frequency can also be found ... Daily newspaper to declare The Frequency should be on every rock fan s radar. The Frequency s Jim Gordon ... Machine self release 2007 The Frequency EP Ropeadope Digital Compilations Explorations Classic Picante ... Free Download Oct 09 http www.nme.com reviews the frequency 10684 NME Review July 09 http www.dmcupdate.com ... External links http www.thefrequencymusic.net The Frequency s official website http www.myspace.com thefrequencymusic The Frequency s myspace http www.facebook.com pages The Frequency 5877798251?ref mf The Frequency on Facebook http www.twitter.com the frequency The Frequency on Twitter http absenceofgiants.com www.absenceofgiants.com DEFAULTSORT Frequency, The Category American indie rock groups ... more details
Image Bandwidth 2.svg 300px right thumb The frequency axis of this symbolic diagram may be linearly or logarithmically scaled. Except in special cases, the peak response will not align precisely with the center frequency. In electrical engineering and telecommunications , the center frequency of a filter or channel is a measure of a central frequency between the upper and lower cutofffrequencycutoff frequencies . It is usually defined as either the arithmetic mean or the geometric mean of the lower cutofffrequency and the upper cutofffrequency of a band pass filter band pass system or a band stop filter band stop system . Typically, the geometric mean is used in systems based on certain transformations of lowpass filter designs, where the frequency response is constructed to be symmetric on a logarithmic scale logarithmic frequency scale. ref cite book title CRC Handbook of Electrical Filters author John T. Taylor and Qiuting Huang publisher CRC Press isbn 0849389518 year 1997 url http books.google.com books?id HtyKSVF6zPsC&pg PA57&dq center frequency bandpass 22geometric mean 22 PPA57,M1 ref The geometric center frequency corresponds to a mapping of the DC response of the prototype lowpass filter, which is a resonant frequency sometimes equal to the peak frequency of such systems, for example as in a Butterworth filter . The arithmetic definition is used in more general situations, such as in describing passband telecommunication systems, where filters are not necessarily symmetric but are treated on a linear frequency scale for applications such as frequency division multiplexing . ref cite book title Fiber Optics Illustrated Dictionary author Julie K. Petersen isbn 084931349X year 2003 publisher CRC Press url http books.google.com books?id AcGFlqSqNEUC&pg PA100&dq center frequency bandpass 22arithmetic mean 22 fdm ref References reflist External links http www.sengpielaudio.com calculator geommean.htm Calculations and comparisons between the geometric mean and the arithmetic ... more details
In a steam engine , cutoff is the point in the piston stroke at which the inlet valve is closed. On a steam locomotive , the cutoff is controlled by the Reversing gear . The point at which the inlet valve closes and stops the entry of steam into the cylinder from the boiler plays a crucial role in the control of a steam engine. Once the valve has closed, steam trapped in the cylinder expands Adiabatic process adiabatically . The steam pressure drops as it expands. A late cutoff delivers full steam pressure to move the piston through its entire stroke, for maximum start up forces. But, since there will still be unexploited pressure in the cylinder at the end of the stroke, this is achieved at the expense ... cutoff has greater thermodynamic efficiency but provides less average force on the piston and is used ... in the cylinder declines after cutoff as the steam pushes the piston down its bore Cutoff is one of the four valve events . Early cutoff is used to increase the efficiency of the engine by allowing ... steam. This is known as expansive working. Late cutoff is used to provide maximum torque to the shaft at the expense of efficiency and is used to start the engine under load. Cutoff is conventionally ... stroke at the cutoff point, the cutoff is stated as 25 . Smaller stationary steam engine s generally have a fixed cutoff point while, in large ones, the speed and power output is generally governed by altering the cutoff, frequently under Centrifugal governor governor control using an expansion valve ... to be able to alter the cutoff over a wide range. For starting and at low speed and heavy load ... cylinder locomotive, for example, the maximum or full gear cutoff is typically about 85 . At high speeds, the cutoff may be 15 percent of the piston stroke or less. Steam engines used in boats and ships operate under a constant, unvarying load through the propeller and so have a fixed cutoff, with speed being controlled through the regulator. Fact date June 2009 Providing variable cutoff is an important ... more details
of a brickwall, one has flat response in the passband up to a point called the cutofffrequency .... The solid red line is an u example u of adjusting amplitude vs frequency. The dashed red lines are the corresponding paths of the aliases. The Nyquist frequency , named after the Swedish American engineer Harry Nyquist , is half the sampling frequency of a discrete signal processing system. ref ... frequency 22 date 0 1965&dq 22nyquist frequency 22 date 0 1965&pgis 1 quote The Nyquist frequency is that frequency whose period is two sampling intervals. ref ref cite book title Aerospace Telemetry ...&q 22nyquist frequency 22 date 0 1965&dq 22nyquist frequency 22 date 0 1965&pgis 1 quote the existence of power in the continuous signal spectrum at frequencies higher than the Nyquist frequency is the cause of aliasing error ref It is sometimes known as the Aliasing Folding folding frequency ... 2010 quote Frequencies fold around half the sampling frequency which is why the Nyquist frequency is often referred to as the folding frequency. ref When the continuous function being sampled contains no frequencies equal or higher than the Nyquist frequency, all the Aliasing Sampling sinusoidal functions aliases caused by sampling occur above the Nyquist frequency. The term aliasing usually refers to the case where some original frequency components have aliases below Nyquist. That often causes distortion when a continuous function is subsequently reconstructed from samples. The Nyquist frequency should not be confused with the Nyquist rate , which is the lower bound of the sampling frequency ... bound is twice the bandwidth or maximum component frequency of the signal. Nyquist rate , as commonly ... Nyquist frequency is a property of a discrete time system, not of a signal. While the domain of the signals is commonly time, leading to a Nyquist frequency in Hertz , this does not have to be the case for example, an image sampling system has a Nyquist frequency expressed in units of reciprocal ... more details
File FitchburgCutoffPath.agr.JPG thumb Fitchburg Cutoff Path in early Fall. The Fitchburg Cutoff Path is a short, unpaved multi use rail trail located in suburban Boston, Massachusetts . The 0.8 mile 1.2 km path runs from Brighton Street in Belmont, Massachusetts to the Alewife MBTA station Alewife station at the northern end of the MBTA Red Line in Cambridge MA Cambridge . At its Cambridge terminus, the trail connects with two other multi use paths the Minuteman Bikeway and the Cambridge Linear Park , which, in turn, leads to the Somerville Community Path . The Fitchburg Cutoff Path largely runs through Alewife Brook Reservation , with several side paths through the reservation leading to the Little River and a nearby industrial park. The trail heads are marked by small signs on the east end, across the street from the Alewife station passenger pickup kiss and ride area, and, on the west end, just north of where the MBTA rail line crosses Brighton Street. The west end is served by the MBTA 78 bus, with a stop just south of the railroad tracks. A 4.67M upgrade for the path, including a new pedestrian bridge at Alewife ref http www.boston.com news local articles 2009 04 05 bridge work snags on link to bike path ?page full Bridge work snags on link to bike path by Ben Terris and Christina Pazzanese. Boston Globe , 5 Apr 2009. ref ref Federal Aid Project No. CM 001S 980 X ref is in process. The path was temporarily closed for construction on September 1, 2010. The new bridge and the eastern part of the path remains closed for the construction of a storm water management wetland ... Linear Park connector 1.jpg thumb Fitchburg Cutoff s former route below Alewife Brook Parkway ... line known as the Fitchburg Cutoff or B&M Freight Cutoff reflecting its acquisition by the Boston and Maine Railroad . The freight cutoff linked the Fitchburg Railroad main line now the MBTA Fitchburg ... the remainder west of Alewife forms what is now known as the Fitchburg Cutoff Path. Except for deviation ... more details
The Patterson Creek Cutoff is an abandoned railroad line built by the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad B&O in northern West Virginia and Western Maryland , that served trains running on the B&O West End line in the Cumberland, Maryland area. The cutoff route ran from McKenzie, Maryland to Patterson Creek, West Virginia , providing a bypass of the B&O rail yard in Cumberland for coal trains moving between Keyser, West Virginia and Brunswick, Maryland . The B&O opened the double track line in 1904, and it included a tunnel and a bridge, both of which are still in existence. The tunnel passes through Knobly Mountain and is slightly less than convert 1 mi km in length. The cutoff was later reduced to single track rail single track , and ultimately abandoned in the early 1970s by the Chessie System , the successor to the B&O. The rails have been removed from the bridge structure, and a few railroad tie s are in an advanced state of decomposition. The line s right of way transportation right of way can still be easily distinguished, especially in McKenzie, where there is a large cut and fill . CSX Transportation , the successor to the Chessie System, continues to operate the main rail line in the McKenzie area as the Mountain Subdivision , and the Cumberland Subdivision in the Patterson Creek area. References Refbegin http www.wvrail.railfan.net east app.html Mountain Subdivision Eastern Approach. Northern West Virginia s Railroads. Accessed 2010 08 11. mtnsub.org. http mtnsub.org cumberland c r ch04.html patterson creek The Hard Way to Paw Paw Patterson Creek, WV. Railfanning the B&O Around Cumberland, MD. Accessed 2010 08 11. Refend Category Baltimore and Ohio Railroad lines Category Rail infrastructure in Maryland Category Rail infrastructure in West Virginia ... more details
as VCO noise to be tracked out. Modulation components above the loop filter cutofffrequency ... be placed on a subcarrier above the cutofffrequency of the PLL loop filter. See also superheterodyne ...A frequency synthesizer is an electronics electronic system for generating any of a range of frequency ... s, walkie talkie s, CB radio s, satellite receivers, GPS systems, etc. A frequency synthesizer can combine frequency multiplier frequency multiplication , frequency divider frequency division , and Frequency mixer frequency mixing the frequency mixing process generates sum and difference ... in the 1960s Frequency synthesizer External links HP 5100A and by comparison the more modern ... frequency. ref Harvtxt Egan 2000 pp 372 376 ref History Prior to widespread use of synthesizers ... of components caused frequency drift . Automatic frequency control Automatic frequency control ..., one for each tuning frequency. Quartz crystal oscillator crystals offer good stability ..., frequency step size, switching rate, phase noise , and spurious output. Coherent techniques generate ... is common, but other resonators and frequency sources can be used. Incoherent techniques derive ... based on phase locked loop s or PLLs. Many types of frequency synthesiser are available as integrated ... Manassewitsch 1987 151 Harvtxt Manassewitsch 1987 p 151 ref In the system design of a frequency synthesizer ... designers. ref name Manassewitsch 1987 151 System analysis of a frequency synthesizer involves output frequency range or frequency bandwidth or tuning range , frequency increments or resolution or frequency tuning , frequency stability or phase stability, compare spurious outputs , phase noise ... and error method was once the work horse for designers of frequency synthesizers ref name Kp3 Harvtxt ... techniques ref name Gardner1966 Harvtxt Gardner 1966 ref and Venceslav F. Kroupa his 1973 Frequency ... can be employed in frequency synthesis when the frequency synthesis factor is composed of multiplicative ... more details
Refimprove date December 2008 The Salt Lake Cutoff is one of the many shortcuts or cutoffs that branched from the California Trail California , Mormon Trail Mormon and Oregon Trail s in the United States. It led northwest out of Salt Lake City, Utah and north of the Great Salt Lake for about convert 180 mi km before rejoining the California trail near the City of Rocks National Reserve City of Rocks , Idaho. From there Oregon Trail travelers could easily travel down the Raft River valley portion of the California Trail to return to the Oregon Trail. It provided a way to stop in Salt Lake City the only significant city on the trail then for repairs, fresh supplies, fresh livestock etc.. In later years it was used by tens of thousands of pioneers and miners going east and west on their way to or from the future states of California , Oregon , Utah , Idaho , Montana , Nevada or Washington U.S. state Washington . See NPS California Trail Map for route ref Salt Lake city to City of Rocks Map http www.nps.gov cali planyourvisit upload CALImap1 web.pdf Accessed 27 Apr 2010 ref History Samuel J. Hensley, returning to California in the summer of 1848, led a pack train of ten men on a quest to get back to the California Trail. After trying Hastings Cutoff Hastings Route south of the Great Salt Lake and finding the salt flats too soft heavy rains that year for passage he returned to Salt Lake City and discovered a route, north of the Great Salt Lake. His newly blazed trail cutoff went from Salt Lake City back to the Oregon Trail and or California Trail and joined the California Oregon near the City of Rocks, Idaho ref City of Rocks http www.newworldencyclopedia.org entry City of Rocks ... as the Salt Lake Cutoff and was about the same distance as the Fort Hall , Snake River , Raft River .... ref http historytogo.utah.gov salt lake tribune in another time 060594.html Salt Lake Cutoff ... Lake Cutoff first Will last Bagley location Salt Lake City publisher Oregon California Trails Association ... more details
About non linear mixing operating in the frequency domain other types of mixers electronic mixer Image IdealMixer.svg thumb 350px Frequency Mixer Symbol. In electronics a mixer or frequency mixer is a nonlinear electrical circuit that creates new frequencies from two signals applied to it. In its most common application, two signals at frequencies f sub 1 sub and f sub 2 sub are applied to a mixer, and it produces new signals at the sum f sub 1 sub f sub 2 sub and difference f sub 1 sub f sub 2 sub of the original frequencies. Other frequency components may also be produced in a practical frequency mixer. Mixers are widely used to shift signals from one frequency range to another, a process known as heterodyning , for convenience in transmission or further signal processing. For example, a key component of a superheterodyne receiver is a mixer used to move received signals to a common intermediate frequency . Frequency mixers are also used to modulate a carrier frequency in Transmitter radio transmitter s. Types Passive mixers use one or more diodes and rely on the non linear relation between voltage and current to provide the multiplying element. In a passive mixer, the desired output ... electronic components that are used as mixers include diode s, transistor s biased near cutoff ... voltage in the current through it, which allows the desired frequency manipulation. Certain other ... use the signum function. In the frequency domain the switching mixer operation leads to the usual sum ... circuit can be used not only to shift the frequency of an input signal as in a receiver, but also as a product detector , modulator , phase detector or frequency multiplier. ref name Horowitz89 Paul ... signal to an intermediate frequency, and another mixer employed as a detector for demodulation of the signal. See also Frequency multiplier Optical heterodyne detection Gilbert cell Intermodulation ... FS1037C Analogue TV transmitter topics DEFAULTSORT Frequency Mixer Category Electrical circuits Category ... more details
Frequency conversion may refer to different processes affecting frequency of physical phenomena A frequency changer is an electronic device that converts alternating current AC of one frequency to alternating current of another frequency. A variable frequency drive is a type of frequency changer Frequency conversion in nonlinear optics may refer to various manipulations of the frequency of light. A Hetrodyne is used in signal electronics to convert frequencies. disambig ... more details
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