C7 protein is an Protein engineering engineered zinc finger protein based on the murine ZFP, Zif268 and discovered by Wu et al. in 1994 published in 1995 . It shares the same zinc finger 2 and zinc finger 3 of Zif268, but differs in the sequence of finger 1. It also shares the same DNA target, 5 GCGTGGGCG 3 . The shared sequences in Amino acid List of standard amino acids single letter amino acid codes of fingers 2 and 3 are RSD H LTT and RAD E RKR positions 1 through 6 in the alpha helix . Zinc finger 1 has the sequence KSA D LKR which provides a 13 fold increase in affinity to the target sequence of the entire ZFP over that of Zif268. It is used in zinc finger investigations in which the amino acid sequence of finger 2 is changed in order to determine the appropriate sequence to target a given three nucleotide target site. A variation of C7, C7.GAT protein C7.GAT is preferred since it lacks the aspartic acid residue present in finger 3 of C7 and known to cause a phenomenon called target site overlap . In this case the target site overlap is a result of the aspartic acid residue forming a hydrogen bond with the N4 of the cytosine in the opposite strand base paired to the guanine in the finger 2 subsite. It can also form the same hydrogen bond with an adenine base paired to a thymine. This target site overlap would dictate that either a cytosine or adenine residue be present as the 3 nucleotide in the finger 2 subsite which is unacceptable when looking to target sequences containing another nucleotide at this position. References cite journal author Wu H, Yang WP, Barbas CF title Building zinc fingers by selection toward a therapeutic application journal Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. volume 92 issue 2 pages 344 8 year 1995 month January pmid 7831288 pmc 42736 url http www.pnas.org cgi pmidlookup?view long&pmid 7831288 doi 10.1073 pnas.92.2.344 Category Engineered proteins Category Genetics experiments Category Molecular genetics ... more details
chembox verifiedrevid 443313408 Name 2 Aminopurine ImageFile Ref chemboximage correct ?? ImageFile 2 Aminopurine.png ImageSize 200px ImageName 2 Aminopurine IUPACName 7 H purin 2 amine Section1 Chembox Identifiers InChI 1 C5H5N5 c6 5 7 1 3 4 10 5 9 2 8 3 h1 2H, H3,6,7,8,9,10 InChIKey MWBWWFOAEOYUST UHFFFAOYAC ChEMBL Ref ebicite correct EBI ChEMBL 388594 StdInChI Ref stdinchicite correct chemspider StdInChI 1S C5H5N5 c6 5 7 1 3 4 10 5 9 2 8 3 h1 2H, H3,6,7,8,9,10 StdInChIKey Ref stdinchicite correct chemspider StdInChIKey MWBWWFOAEOYUST UHFFFAOYSA N CASNo Ref cascite correct ?? CASNo 452 06 2 PubChem 9955 ChemSpiderID Ref chemspidercite correct chemspider ChemSpiderID 9561 ChEBI Ref ebicite correct EBI ChEBI 479072 SMILES n1cc2c nc1N ncn2 Section2 Chembox Properties C 5 H 5 N 5 2 Aminopurine , an analog of guanine and adenine , is a fluorescent molecular marker used in nucleic acid research. ref cite journal author Jean JM, Hall KB title 2 Aminopurine fluorescence quenching and lifetimes role of base stacking journal Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. volume 98 issue 1 pages 37 41 year 2001 pmid 11120885 url http www.pnas.org cgi pmidlookup?view long&pmid 11120885 doi 10.1073 pnas.011442198 pmc 14540 ref It most commonly pairs with thymine as an adenine analogue, but can also pair with cytosine as a guanine analogue . ref cite journal author Sowers LC, Fazakerley GV, Eritja R, Kaplan BE, Goodman MF title Base pairing and mutagenesis observation of a protonated base pair between 2 aminopurine and cytosine in an oligonucleotide by proton NMR journal Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. volume 83 pages 5434 5438 year 1986 url http www.pnas.org content 83 15 5434 doi 10.1073 pnas.83.15.5434 pmid 3461441 issue 15 pmc 386301 ref For this reason it is sometimes used in the laboratory for mutagenesis. See also Nucleic acid analogues References reflist DEFAULTSORT Aminopurine, 2 Category Purines de 2 Aminopurin fa pl 2 Aminopuryna ... more details
Drugbox IUPAC name 5 Methyl 5 H indolo 3,2 b quinoline image Cryptolepine.png alt caption Clinical data tradename pregnancy AU A B1 B2 B3 C D X pregnancy US A B C D X pregnancy category legal AU S2, S3, S4, S5, S6, S7, S8, S9 or Unscheduled legal CA OTC, Rx only, Schedule I, II, III, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII legal UK GSL, P, POM, CD, CD Lic, CD POM, CD No Reg POM, CD Benz POM, CD Anab POM or CD Inv POM legal US OTC Rx only Schedule I, II, III, IV, V legal status routes of administration Pharmacokinetic data bioavailability protein bound metabolism elimination half life excretion Identifiers CAS number 480 26 2 ATCvet ATC prefix none if uncategorised ATC suffix PubChem 82143 DrugBank ChemSpiderID 74137 ChEMBL 92129 synonyms 5 Methyl 5 H quindoline Chemical data C 16 H 12 N 2 molecular weight 233.3 smiles N 2 C 1 C C C C C 1 C4 C 2 C c3ccccc3N4C InChI InChI 1S C16H12N2 c1 18 15 9 5 2 6 11 15 10 14 16 18 12 7 3 4 8 13 12 17 14 h2 10H,1H3 Cryptolepine is an antimalarial drug with cytotoxic properties. It is used as an anticancer drug as it is able to intercalate into DNA at the cytosine cytosine sites. ref Synthesis and evaluation of cryptolepine analogues for their potential as new antimalarial agents . C. Wright et al. Journal of Medicinal Chemistry. 44 19 . 3187 3194. 2001. ref ref Synthesis of Some Cryptolepine Analogues, Assessment of Their Antimalarial and Cytotoxic Activities, and Consideration of Their Antimalarial Mode of Action . C Wright et al. Journal of Medicinal Chemistry. 48 7 . 2701 2709. 2005. ref References reflist Category Antimalarial agents Category Experimental cancer drugs ... more details
A base analog is a chemical that can substitute for a normal nucleobase in nucleic acid s. A common example would be 5 bromouracil 5BU , the abnormal base found in the mutagenic nucleotide analog BrdU. When a nucleotide containing 5 bromouracil is incorporated into the DNA, it is most likely to pair with adenine however, it can spontaneously shift into another isomer which pairs with a different nucleobase , guanine . If this happens during DNA replication, a guanine will be inserted opposite the base analog, and in the next DNA replication, that guanine will pair with a cytosine. This results in a change in one base pair of DNA, specifically a Transition genetics transition mutation . Image 5bu 2.gif center thumb 500px Mutagenesis by 5BU See also Antimetabolite References Griffiths AJ, Wessler SR, Lewontin RC, Gelbart WM, Suzuki DT, Miller JH. Introduction to Genetic Analysis , 8th ed. New York W.H.Freeman and Co, 2005. Category DNA Category Genetics de Basenanaloga zh ... more details
Oxidative deamination is a form of deamination that generates oxoacid s in the liver . The presence of nitrous acid can cause Transition genetics transition mutations , by converting cytosine to uracil . Primarily occurs in the liver and kidneys. ref http www.mun.ca biochem courses 3107 Topics Mutations.html Mutations & Mutagenesis Bot generated title ref ref http www.newton.dep.anl.gov newton askasci 1993 chem CHEM016.HTM Molecules and cancer Bot generated title ref In Urea cycle Glutamate is the only amino acid that undergoes rapid oxidative deamination by using glutamate dehydrogenase which uses NAD or NADP as a coenzyme. This process leads to two distinct toxic compounds Hydrogen Peroxide Ammonia . See also Monoamine oxidase References references External links GPnotebook 1449525189 http www.elmhurst.edu chm vchembook 632oxdeam.html Diagram at elmhurst.edu Category Metabolism biochemistry stub ca Desaminaci oxidativa es Desaminaci n oxidativa it Deaminazione ossidativa ru sr Oksidativna dezaminacija ... more details
Circular molecules of DNA , such as plasmids and typical mitochondrial genome s, consist of Nucleic acid double helix two strands of DNA called the heavy strand or H strand and the light strand or L strand . The two strands have different masses due to different proportions of heavier nucleic acid s. While this difference is not known to have any functional significance, it can be used in the laboratory to segregate the strands of Denaturation biochemistry Nucleic acid denaturation denatured DNA, and hence to analyze the strands separately. Adenine and guanine purine s are heavier than cytosine and thymine pyrimidine s due to their extra ring. Because a purine always DNA Base pairing pairs with a pyrimidine, any excess of purines in one strand will occur with a corresponding excess of pyrimidines in the other strand and vice versa. Statistically, there is more likely to be such an imbalance than an exact 50 50 ratio. In addition, bias may arise due to differentials in the amount of protein coding sequence on each strand, as codon s do not all occur with equal frequency. Category DNA biology stub ... more details
chembox verifiedrevid 443882994 ImageFile Isocytosine.png ImageSize 120px IUPACName 2 Amino 3H pyrimidin 4 one OtherNames 2 Aminouracil Section1 Chembox Identifiers ChemSpiderID Ref chemspidercite correct chemspider ChemSpiderID 60309 InChI 1 C4H5N3O c5 4 6 2 1 3 8 7 4 h1 2H, H3,5,6,7,8 InChIKey XQCZBXHVTFVIFE UHFFFAOYAD ChEMBL Ref ebicite correct EBI ChEMBL 56260 StdInChI Ref stdinchicite correct chemspider StdInChI 1S C4H5N3O c5 4 6 2 1 3 8 7 4 h1 2H, H3,5,6,7,8 StdInChIKey Ref stdinchicite correct chemspider StdInChIKey XQCZBXHVTFVIFE UHFFFAOYSA N CASNo 108 53 2 PubChem 66950 ChEBI Ref ebicite correct EBI ChEBI 55502 SMILES O C1 C C N C N N1 Section2 Chembox Properties Formula C sub 4 sub H sub 5 sub N sub 3 sub O MolarMass 111.102 Appearance Density MeltingPt BoilingPt Solubility Section3 Chembox Hazards MainHazards FlashPt Autoignition Isocytosine or 2 aminouracil is a pyrimidine base that is an isomer of cytosine . It is used in combination with isoguanine in studies of unnatural nucleic acid analogues of the normal base pair s in DNA . organic compound stub Category Pyrimidones fa ... more details
Orphan date February 2009 ICE is a combination chemotherapy regimen employing three drugs ifosfamide i fosfamide trade name Ifex , carboplatin c arboplatin trade name Paraplatin , and etoposide e toposide trade names VP 16, VePesid . This regimen is commonly used to treat primary progressive and poor risk recurrent lymphoma s. ref Follow up Care & Relapse. Lymphoma Research Foundation. http www.lymphoma.org site pp.aspx?c chKOI6PEImE&b 1574015&printmode 1 ref In the last few years, it has become more common to include the drug rituximab alongside the ICE protocol, a regimen commonly referred to as R ICE . Rituximab is a monoclonal antibody which binds to and helps destroy B cell s. ref Trial of Oxaliplatin, Cytosine Arabinoside, Dexamethasone With Rituxan ROAD in Patients With Relapsed Non Hodgkins Lymphoma. ClinicalTrials.gov. http clinicaltrials.gov show NCT00166439 ref References reflist DEFAULTSORT Ice Chemotherapy Regimen Category Chemotherapy regimens ... more details
sodium bisulfite treatment, unmethylated cytosine residues are converted to uracil , while 5 Methylcytosine methylated cytosine residues are unaffected. File Bisulfite conversion.svg thumb center 500px alt When treated with sodium bisulfite, cytosine is converted to uracil, while methylated cytosine ... cytosine to uracil , while 5 methylcytosine remains unaffected by the treatment. PCR Amplificiation ... in cytosine residues at originally methylated positions, and thymine residues at originally unmethylated ... the common target of cytosine methylation , so the amplificiation process does not discriminate ... enzyme sites , such as those for TaqI TCGA and BstUI CGCG , depending on whether the cytosine residue ... more details
Image Cytosine chemical structure.png thumb cytosine Image Guanine chemical structure.png thumb guanine In genetics , CpG islands or CG islands are genomic regions that contain a high frequency of CpG site s but to date objective definitions for CpG islands are limited. In mammalian genomes, CpG islands are typically 300 3,000 base pairs in length. They are in and near approximately 40 of promoter biology promoter s of mammal ian gene s. ref name Fatemi2005 cite journal author Fatemi M, Pao MM, Jeong S, Gal Yam EN, Egger G, Weisenberger DJ, Jones PA title Footprinting of mammalian promoters use of a CpG DNA methyltransferase revealing nucleosome positions at a single molecule level journal Nucleic Acids Res volume 33 issue 20 pages e176 year 2005 pmid 16314307 pmc 1292996 doi 10.1093 nar gni180 ref About 70 of human promoters have a high CpG content. Given the GC frequency however, the number of CpG dinucleotides is much lower than expected. ref name Saxonov2006 cite journal author Saxonov S, Berg P, Brutlag DL title A genome wide analysis of CpG dinucleotides in the human genome distinguishes two distinct classes of promoters journal Proc Natl Acad Sci USA volume 103 issue 5 pages 1412 1417 year 2006 pmid 16432200 pmc 1345710 doi 10.1073 pnas.0510310103 ref The p in CpG refers to the phosphodiester bond between the cytosine and the guanine , which indicates that the C and the G are next to each other in sequence regardless of being single or double stranded. More explicitly, both C and G would be on the same strand of DNA RNA covalently bonded chemically connected by a phosphodiester bond a strong bond . This differs from the easily confused base pairing of C and G which share three hydrogen bonds weaker bond across two separate strands of DNA also known as complementary base pairing . The usual formal definition of a CpG island is a region with at least 200 base pair ... genes, in vertebrates. ref name Saxonov2006 Normally a C cytosine base followed immediately by a G ... more details
, or cytosine arabinoside , is a chemotherapy agent used mainly in the treatment of hematological ... synthesis. It is called cytosine arabinoside because it combines a cytosine base with an arabinose sugar. Cytosine normally combines with a different sugar, deoxyribose , to form deoxycytidine , a component ... compound not part of DNA . Cytosine arabinoside is similar enough to human cytosine deoxyribose ... marketed in the US by Upjohn under the trade name Cytosar U. Pharmacology Mechanism Cytosine ... name of 1 arabinofuranosylcytosine . Its mode of action is due to its rapid conversion into cytosine .... Cytosine arabinoside also inhibits both DNA polymerase DNA ref name isbn0 7817 7328 8 cite book ... more details
Epigenetic landscape is a metaphor for morphogenesis biological development . Its originator, Conrad Hal Waddington , said that Cell biology cell fates were established in development much like a marble rolls down to the point of local optimum lowest local elevation . ref Waddington, Conrad H. 1953. The Epigenetics of birds. Cambridge University Press ref Waddington suggested visualising increasing irreversibility of cell type differentiation as ridges rising between the valleys where the marbles cells are travelling. ref http www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov entrez utils fref.fcgi?PrId 3058&itool Abstract def&uid 14760651&nlmid 101168228&db pubmed&url http dx.doi.org 10.1002 jez.b.20002 Hall BK. 2004. In search of evolutionary developmental mechanisms the 30 year gap between 1944 and 1974. J Exp Zool B Mol Dev Evol. 2004 Jan 15 302 1 5 18. ref Today, the term refers to the combined epigenetic modifications of a given domain of DNA sequence. Epigenetic modifications include methylation of cytosine residues of DNA and post translational modifications of the histone proteins associated with the DNA strand. The specific combination of epigenetic modifications determines the conformation of the chromatin fibre into which the DNA and histones are packaged, and can thereby regulate the Transcription genetics transcription al potential of the underlying gene s. References reflist See also Canalisation genetics Epigenetics Chreode DEFAULTSORT Epigenetic Landscape Category Developmental biology es paisaje epigen tico ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2008 Cleanup date December 2008 Punctate epithelial erosions is a pathology affecting the cornea . It is also known as punctate erosive keratopathy or superficial punctate keratitis . Signs and Symptoms It is a characterized by a breakdown or damage of the epithelium of the cornea in a pinpoint pattern, which can be seen with examination with a slit lamp . Patients may present with non specific symptoms such as red eye, tearing, foreign body sensation, photophobia and burning. Etiology Punctate epithelial erosions may be seen with different disorders Dry eye syndrome Blepharitis Trauma Exposure Thygeson s superficial punctate keratopathy keratopathy from poor eyelide closure Ultraviolet or chemical burn Contact lens related disorder such as toxicity or tight lens syndrome Trichiasis Entropion or ectropion Floppy eyelid syndrome Chemotherapy i.e cytosine arabinoside Thygeson s Superficial Punctate Keratopathy TSPK Treatment Due to the different underlying causes, proper diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis can only be determined by an eye care professional. Punctate epithelial erosions may be treated with artificial tears. In some disorders, topical antibiotic is added to the treatment. Patients should discontinue contact lens wear until recovery. Category Diseases of the eye and adnexa ... more details
Unreferenced date October 2006 Chembox verifiedrevid 447288252 ImageFile 2 Desoxycytidindiphosphat.svg ImageSize IUPACName OtherNames Section1 Chembox Identifiers CASNo 800 73 7 PubChem 3972 SMILES Nc1ccn C2CC O C COP O O OP O O O O2 c O n1 MeSHName deoxycytidine diphosphate Section2 Chembox Properties Formula C sub 9 sub H sub 15 sub N sub 3 sub O sub 10 sub P sub 2 sub MolarMass 387.177 Appearance Density MeltingPt BoilingPt Solubility Section3 Chembox Hazards MainHazards FlashPt Autoignition Deoxycytidine diphosphate is a nucleoside diphosphate . It is related to the common nucleic acid CTP, or cytidine triphosphate , with the OH hydroxyl group on the 2 carbon on the nucleotide s pentose removed hence the deoxy part of the name , and with one fewer phosphoryl group than CTP . Deoxyguanosine diphosphate would be abbreviated dCDP. See also DNA Cofactor biochemistry Cofactor Cytosine Nucleobases, nucleosides, and nucleotides DEFAULTSORT Deoxycytidine Diphosphate Category Nucleotides Biochem stub ca Difosfat de desoxicitidina fa gl Desoxicitidina difosfato nl Deoxycytidinedifosfaat sr Dezoksicitidin difosfat zh ... more details
Unreferenced date November 2006 Image Aminoallyl Uridine.svg right frame The structure of aminoallyluridine Aminoallyl nucleotides are used in post labeling of nucleic acid s to be used in microarray s. These nucleotides are formally known as 5 3 amino allyl nucleotides since the aminoallyl group is usually attached to carbon 5 of the pyrimidine ring of uracil and cytosine . They are usually abbreviated as aa , such as aa dUTP. The amine group in the aminoallyl moiety is aliphatic and thus more reactive compared to the amine groups that are directly attached to the rings aromatic of the bases. Uses The aminoallyl group in aminoallyl modified nucleotides is reactive with dyes such as the cyanine series, AnaSpec HiLyte Fluor , or Alexa Fluor dyes that also been modified to be amine reactive. A problem with this method is that the dyes react with the buffering agent usually used for storage of nucleotides. Instead a carbonate buffer is used. The DNA or RNA from a sample is copied in vitro by T7 polymerase, RT polymerase or some other polymerase except of eukaryotic origin in a mix of nucleotides in which one, typically uracil RNA and also DNA , is a mix aminoallyl NTP and normal UTP. An alternative method is using thiol reactive dyes. DEFAULTSORT Aminoallyl Nucleotide Category Nucleic acids Category Nucleotides molecular cell biology stub ... more details
HaeIII is one of many restriction enzyme s endonuclease s discovered since 1970. It was the third endonuclease to be isolated from the Haemophilus influenzae biogroup aegyptius Haemophilus aegyptius bacteria , and has a molecular weight of 37126. The enzyme s recognition site&mdash the place where it cuts DNA molecules&mdash is the GGCC nucleotide sequence. This enzyme s gene has been sequenced and cloned. Mechanism of action The enzyme cleaves the DNA at the positions where the GGCC sequence is found. The cleavage occurs between the second and the third nucleotides Guanine G and Cytosine C . The resulting DNA fragments are known as restriction fragment s. HaeIII cuts both strands of DNA in the same location, yielding restriction fragments with blunt ends . Heat denaturation occurs at 80 C after 20 minutes ref http www.thelabrat.com restriction HaeIII.shtml HaeIII Restriction Enzyme ref References Reflist Rawn, J. David 1989 . Biochemistry, International Edition . ISBN 0 89278 405 9 http www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov entrez viewer.fcgi?val 2961232&itemID 2&view gbwithparts NCBI Sequence Viewer . Category Molecular biology Category Restriction enzymes molecular cell biology stub enzyme stub es HaeIII pl HaeIII sv HaeIII ... more details
Taxobox virus group vii familia Caulimoviridae genus Petuvirus The genus Petuvirus belongs to the family Caulimoviridae and is classified under group VII DNA reverse transcribing virus es. Petuviruses are plant viruses. Their genome is unsegmented and monopartite meaning all genes are found within one segment of nucleic acid containing a double stranded DNA molecule that forms an open circle. Its genome is 7200 nucleotides long and has a guanine cytosine content of 38.2 . There are terminally redundant sequences on the genome which have direct terminal repeat s that are reiterated internally in inverted form. The virus codes for 2 Open reading frame ORFs . The viral capsid is unenveloped. Its capsid shells are multilayered. The capsid is round to elongate with icosahedral symmetry and the virus is composed of 16 nucleic acid. Petuviruses have a buoyant density in CsCl of 1.31 g cm 3 and there are 1 sedimenting component s found in purified preparations. The sedimentation coefficient is 218 251.5 285 S20w while the thermal inactivation point TIP is at 55 57.5 60 C. Petuviruses including other members of the Caulimovirusus such as soymoviruses and Cavemoviruses form isometric particles whereas members of Badnaviruses and Tungroviruses have bacilliform virus particles. Lipids are not reported. References http www.microbiologybytes.com virology VirusGroups.html MicrobiologyBytes.com http www.dpvweb.net notes showgenus.php?genus Petuvirus DPVWeb.net http www.aseanbiotechnology.info Abstract 21020205.pdf AseanBiotechnology.info http www.expasy.org viralzone all by species 122.html Viralzone Petuvirus Category Pararetroviruses Category Viral plant pathogens and diseases ... more details
Orphan date April 2012 The initiator element Inr , sometimes also called initiator motif , is a core promoter that is similar in function to the Pribnow box for prokaryotes or the TATA box for eukaryotes . It has the consensus sequence YYANWYY. efn In nucleic acid notation for DNA, Y p Y rimidine stands for C T cytosine or thymine , which are both pyrimidine s , and W W eak stands for A T adenine or thymine, which both form only two hydrogen bond s ref name Xi cite journal quotes last Xi first Hualin authorlink coauthors Yong Yu, Yutao Fu, Jonathan Foley, Anason Halees, and Zhiping Weng date June 2007 year 2007 title Analysis of overrepresented motifs in human core promoters reveals dual regulatory roles of YY1 journal Genome Research volume 17 issue 6 pages 798 806 pmid 17567998 doi 10.1101 gr.5754707 id url format accessdate laysummary laysource laydate quote pmc 1891339 ref Similarly to the TATA box, the Inr element facilitates the binding of transcription Factor II D TATA binding protein TBP . ref name Xi Notes notelist References reflist Transcription Category DNA Category Regulatory sequences ar es Motivo iniciador ... more details
chembox ImageFile Isoguanine.png ImageSize 150px IUPACName 6 Amino 1,7 dihydropurin 2 one OtherNames 2 Hydroxyadenine Section1 Chembox Identifiers ChemSpiderID 69351 InChI1 1 C5H5N5O c6 3 2 4 8 1 7 2 10 5 11 9 3 h1H, H4,6,7,8,9,10,11 InChIKey1 DRAVOWXCEBXPTN UHFFFAOYAU CASNo 3373 53 3 PubChem 76900 EINEC 222 157 6 SMILES O C1 N C2 N C NC2 C N1 N Section2 Chembox Properties Formula C sub 5 sub H sub 5 sub N sub 5 sub O MolarMass 151.1261 Appearance Density MeltingPt BoilingPt Solubility Section3 Chembox Hazards MainHazards FlashPt Autoignition Isoguanine or 2 hydroxyladenine is a purine base that is an isomer of guanine . It is a product of oxidative damage to DNA and has been shown to cause mutation. ref cite journal author Yang XL, Sugiyama H, Ikeda S, Saito I, Wang AH title Structural studies of a stable parallel stranded DNA duplex incorporating isoguanine cytosine and isocytosine guanine basepairs by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy journal Biophys. J. volume 75 issue 3 pages 1163 71 year 1998 pmid 9726918 doi 10.1016 S0006 3495 98 74035 4 pmc 1299791 ref It is also used in combination with isocytosine in studies of unnatural nucleic acid analogues of the normal base pair s in DNA. References references Category Purines organic compound stub ... more details
enzyme Name DNA alpha glucosyltransferase EC number 2.4.1.26 CAS number 9030 13 1 IUBMB EC number 2 4 1 26 GO code image width caption In enzymology , a DNA alpha glucosyltransferase EC number 2.4.1.26 is an enzyme that catalysis catalyzes the chemical reaction in which an alpha D glucose glucosyl residue is transferred from UDP glucose to a hydroxymethyl cytosine residue in DNA . This enzyme belongs to the family of glycosyltransferase s, specifically the hexosyltransferases. The systematic name of this enzyme class is UDP glucose DNA alpha D glucosyltransferase . Other names in common use include uridine diphosphoglucose deoxyribonucleate , alpha glucosyltransferase , UDP glucose DNA alpha glucosyltransferase , uridine diphosphoglucose deoxyribonucleate , alpha glucosyltransferase , T2 HMC alpha glucosyl transferase , T4 HMC alpha glucosyl transferase , and T6 HMC alpha glucosyl transferase . Structural studies As of late 2007, 5 tertiary structure structures have been solved for this class of enzymes, with Protein Data Bank PDB accession codes PDB link 1XV5 , PDB link 1Y6F , PDB link 1Y6G , PDB link 1Y8Z , and PDB link 1YA6 . References reflist 1 cite journal author Kornberg SR, Zimmerman SB and Kornberg A date 1961 title Glucosylation of deoxyribonucleic acid by enzymes from bacteriophage infected Escherichia coli journal J. Biol. Chem. volume 236 pages 1487&ndash 1493 enzyme stub Category EC 2.4.1 Category Enzymes of known structure it DNA alfa glucosiltransferasi ... more details
enzyme Name Glucosyl DNA beta glucosyltransferase EC number 2.4.1.28 CAS number 9030 15 3 IUBMB EC number 2 4 1 28 GO code image width caption In enzymology , a glucosyl DNA beta glucosyltransferase EC number 2.4.1.28 is an enzyme that catalysis catalyzes the chemical reaction in which a beta D glucose glucosyl residue is transferred from UDP glucose to a glucosylhydroxymethyl cytosine residue in DNA . This enzyme resembles DNA beta glucosyltransferase in that respect. This enzyme belongs to the family of glycosyltransferase s, specifically the hexosyltransferases. The systematic name of this enzyme class is UDP glucose D glucosyl DNA beta D glucosyltransferase . Other names in common use include T6 glucosyl HMC beta glucosyl transferase , T6 beta glucosyl transferase , uridine diphosphoglucose glucosyldeoxyribonucleate , and beta glucosyltransferase . References reflist 1 cite journal author Kornberg SR, Zimmerman SB and Kornberg A year 1961 title Glucosylation of deoxyribonucleic acid by enzymes from bacteriophage infected Escherichia coli journal J. Biol. Chem. volume 236 pages 1487&ndash 1493 pmid 13753193 Category EC 2.4.1 Category Enzymes of unknown structure enzyme stub it Glucosil DNA beta glucosiltransferase ... more details
chembox verifiedrevid 384065455 ImageFile Ara CTP.svg ImageSize IUPACName OtherNames Ara CTP, Cytarabine triphosphate, br Cytosine arabinoside triphosphate Reference ref name pubchem http pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov summary summary.cgi?cid 25774 Ara CTP Compound Summary , PubChem . ref Section1 Chembox Identifiers CASNo 13191 15 6 PubChem 25774 SMILES C1 CN C O N C1N C2C C C O2 COP O O OP O O OP O O O O O MeSHName Arabinofuranosylcytosine triphosphate Section2 Chembox Properties Formula C sub 9 sub H sub 16 sub N sub 3 sub O sub 14 sub P sub 3 sub MolarMass 483.156323 Appearance Density MeltingPt BoilingPt Solubility Section3 Chembox Hazards MainHazards FlashPt Autoignition Arabinofuranosylcytosine triphosphate is a nucleotide that inhibits the protein biosynthesis synthesis of DNA . It is the biologically active form of cytarabine . ref name pubchem References reflist Nucleobases, nucleosides, and nucleotides Category Nucleotides Category Pyrimidones organic compound stub fa zh ... more details
Taxobox color violet image image width image caption name Rhizidiovirus virus group i familia Unassigned genus Rhizidiovirus type species Rhizidiomyces virus subdivision ranks Species subdivision Rhizidiomyces virus br The Rhizidiovirus genus consists of dsDNA virus es ref Dawe VH, Kuhn CW 1983 Isolation and characterization of a double stranded DNA mycovirus infecting the aquatic fungus, Rhizidiomyces . Virology 130 1 21 28 ref that infect stramenopile s. Virology The viron is non enveloped, isosahedral with a diameter of 60 nanometers nm . The genome is non segmented, linear double stranded DNA and 25.5 kilobases in length. It has a guanine cytosine content of 42 . It encodes at least 14 protein with molecular weights between 84.5 to 26 kilo Dalton unit Dalton s. The virus seems to remain latent within the host until the host is stressed. ref name Dawe1983 Dawe VH, Kuhn CW 1983 Virus like particles in the aquatic fungus, Rhizidiomyces .Virology 130 1 10 20. ref Virons first appear in the Cell nucleus nucleus . This is followed by the disintegration of the host nucleus and cytoplasm and their replacement by paracrystalline structures composed of virons. These structures first appear in association with the mitochondria. After the nucleus and cytoplasm have been replaced the cell wall breaks down followed with release of virons into the medium. Vertical transmission also appears to be possible. Literature Reflist External links http www.expasy.org viralzone all by species 640.html Viralzone Rhizidiovirus Category DNA viruses ... more details
About a notation method for the notation of genetic information multiple video card technology by Diamond Multimedia xDNA multi graphics other alterantive nucleic acid coding systems nucleic acid analogues lowercase xDNA is a modified form of DNA with 8 nucleobase s the four natural bases adenine A , cytosine C , guanine G , and thymine T , and four artificial modifications of these made longer by the addition of an extra benzene ring xA, xC, xG, and xT. ref cite journal last Lynch first Stephen R. coauthors Haibo Liu, Jianmin Gao, and Eric T. Kool year 2006 month October title Toward a Designed, Functioning Genetic System with Expanded Size Base Pairs Solution Structure of the Eight Base xDNA Double Helix journal Journal of the American Chemical Society volume 128 issue 45 pages 14704 14711 doi 10.1021 ja065606n pmid 17090058 pmc 2519095 ref A pairs with xT, C pairs with xG, G pairs with xC, and T pairs with xA, so the distance between the two halves of the double helix is consistently greater. The double helix is thus wider and has a longer pitch. Experiments with xDNA are expected to provide new insight into the behavior of natural DNA. Also, the extended bases xA, xC, xG, and xT are fluorescence fluorescent , and single strands composed of only extended bases can recognize and bind to single strands of natural DNA, which could make them useful tools for studying biological systems. The same research group also constructed widened DNA, called yDNA . border 1 cellpadding 2 cellspacing 0 align none style margin left 1em align center File Adenin.svg 55px Chemical structure of dxA File Thymine skeletal.svg 65px Chemical structure of dxT File Cytosin.svg 50px Chemical structure of dxC File Guanine.svg 80px Chemical structure of dxG align center Adenine Thymine Cytosine Guanine align center File modified nucleobase dxA.svg 85px File modified nucleobase dxT.svg 85px File modified nucleobase dxC.svg 75px File modified nucleobase dxG.svg 110px align center Size expanded x ... more details
in nucleic acid s, cytosine C , thymine T , and uracil U , are pyrimidine derivatives Image Cytosine chemical structure.png 101px Chemical structure of cytosine Image Thymine chemical structure.png ... thymine T and cytosine C , respectively. In RNA , the complement of adenine A is uracil U instead of thymine T , so the pairs that form are adenine uracil and guanine cytosine . Very rarely, thymine ... more details
Encyclopedia
top
