A Deductivedatabase is a database system that can make Deductive reasoning deductions i.e. conclude additional facts based on wiktionary rule rules and facts stored in the deductivedatabase. Datalog is the language typically used to specify facts, rules and queries in deductive databases. Deductive databases have grown out of the desire to combine logic programming with relational database s to construct systems that support a powerful formalism and are still fast and able to deal with very large datasets. Deductive databases are more expressive than relational databases but less expressive than logic programming systems. Deductive databases have not found widespread adoptions outside academia, but some of their concepts are used in today s relational databases to support the advanced features of more recent SQL standards. Citation needed date November 2011 Deductive databases and logic programming Deductive databases reuse a large number of concepts from logic programming rules and facts specified in the deductivedatabase language Datalog look very similar to those in Prolog . However, there are a number of important differences between deductive databases and logic programming Order sensitivity and procedurality in Prolog, program execution depends on the order of rules in the program and on the order of parts of rules these properties are used by programmers to build efficient programs. In database languages like SQL or Datalog , however, program execution is independent ... , this has no correspondence in deductive databases. Function symbols Logic Programming languages allow Functional predicate function symbols to build up complex symbols. This is not allowed in deductive databases. Tuple oriented processing Deductive databases use set oriented processing while logic ... of Database Systems 3rd edition . Publisher Addison Wesley Longman. ISBN 0 201 54263 3 Database models Category Database management systems database stub cs Deduktivn datab ze de Deduktive Datenbank ... more details
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 Orphan date February 2009 A deductive language is a computer programming language in which the program is a collection of predicates facts and rules that connect them. Such a language is used to create knowledge based system s or expert system s which can deduce answers to problems set them by applying the rules to the facts they have been given. An example of a deductive language is Prolog , or it s database query cousin, Datalog . DEFAULTSORT Deductive Language Compu lang stub Category Computer programming Category Databases ... more details
A deductive system also called a deductive apparatus of a formal system consists of the axiom s or axiom schema ta and rules of inference that can be used to formal proof derive the theorem s of the system. ref Hunter, Geoffrey, Metalogic An Introduction to the Metatheory of Standard First Order Logic, University of California Pres, 1971 ref Such a deductive system is intended to preserve deductive reasoning deductive qualities in the formula mathematical logic formula s that are expressed in the system. Usually the quality we are concerned with is truth as opposed to falsehood. However, other modal logic modalities , such as Theory of justification justification or belief may be preserved instead. In order to sustain its deductive integrity, a deductive apparatus must be definable without reference to any intended interpretation of the language. The aim is to ensure that each line of a Mathematical proof derivation is merely a syntactic consequence of the lines that precede it. There should be no element of any Interpretation logic interpretation of the language that gets involved with the deductive nature of the system. See also Formal grammar Natural deduction Axiomatic system Proof calculus References reflist logic Category Syntactic entities Category Proof theory Category Deduction Category Formal systems el es Sistema deductivo nl Deductief systeem pt Sistema dedutivo ... more details
The deductive mood is an epistemic modality epistemic grammatical mood that indicates that the truth of the statement was deduced from other information, rather than being directly known. ref cite web url http www.sil.org linguistics GlossaryOflinguisticTerms WhatIsDeductiveMood.htm title What is deductive mood? publisher SIL International work Glossary of linguistic terms last Loos first Eugene E. coauthors Susan Anderson Dwight H. Day, Jr. Paul C. Jordan J. Douglas Wingate accessdate 2009 12 28 ref In English, deductive mood is often indicated by the word wikt must must , which is also used for many other purposes. By contrast, some other languages have special words or verb affixes to indicate deductive mood specifically. An example in English language English There s gas in the house Someone must have left the stove on deductive indicated by must References references Grammatical moods Category Grammatical moods Ling morph stub ... more details
Refimprove date May 2010 Wiktionary fallacy A deductive fallacy is defined as a deductive argument that is invalid. The argument itself could have true premise s, but still have a false logical consequence conclusion . ref cite web url http www.nizkor.org features fallacies title Description of Fallacies last Labossiere first Michael year 1995 publisher The Nizkor Project accessdate 2008 09 09 ref Thus, a deductive fallacy is a fallacy where deduction goes wrong, and is no longer a logical process. Logical fallacy The standard Aristotelian logical fallacies are Fallacy of four terms Quaternio terminorum Fallacy of the undistributed middle Fallacy of illicit process of the illicit major major or the illicit minor minor term and Affirmative conclusion from a negative premise . Other logical fallacies include The begging the question self reliant fallacy In philosophy , the term logical fallacy properly refers to a formal fallacy a flaw in the structure of a deductive reasoning deductive logical argument argument , which renders the argument validity invalid . However, it is often used more generally in informal discourse to mean an argument that is problematic for any reason, and thus encompasses informal fallacy informal fallacies as well as formal fallacies valid but soundness unsound claims or poor non deductive argumentation. The presence of a formal fallacy in a deductive argument does not imply anything about the argument s premises or its conclusion see fallacy fallacy . Both may actually be true, or even more probable as a result of the argument e.g. appeal to authority , but the deductive argument is still invalid because the conclusion does not follow from the premises ... is not a deductive one for instance an inductive argument that incorrectly applies principles ..., the deductive fallacy is formed by points that may individually appear logical, but when placed ... 2 relevance fallacies formal fallacy informal fallacy DEFAULTSORT Deductive Fallacy Category Deduction ... more details
wiktionary deductive reasoning Deductive reasoning , also called deductive logic , is the process of reasoning ... 2009 publisher Wadsworth location Belmont, CA isbn 978 0 495 50629 4 pages 578 ref Deductive reasoning involves using given true premises to reach a conclusion that is also true. Deductive reasoning contrasts .... An example of a deductive argument All men are mortal. Socrates is a man. Therefore, Socrates is mortal ... as a man . Deductive reasoning moves from theory to observations or findings. So, in the above example ... form of deductive reasoning. A single Material conditional conditional statement is made, and a hypothesis ... basic form is listed below P Q conditional statement P hypothesis stated Q conclusion deduced In deductive ... conclude that this could be a false statement. Deductive Logic Validity and Soundness Deductive arguments are evaluated in terms of their validity and soundness . It is possible to have a deductive argument ... quarterbacks. This theory of deductive reasoning also known as term logic was developed ... logic . Deductive reasoning can be contrasted with inductive reasoning , in regards to validity ... of thought . Reasoning and Education Typically, deductive reasoning is thought of as a skill that develops without any formal teaching or training. As a result of this belief, deductive skills are not taught ... mathematical proofs which heavily relies on deductive reasoning in high school. Researchers ... for deductive reasoning journal Mathematical Thinking and Learning year 2008 volume 10 issue 2 ... J. P. title Teaching and assessing deductive reasoning skills journal Journal of Experimental Education ... mathematics Insights from psychological research into students ability for deductive reasoning journal ... students who plan on continuing into higher education. Deductive reasoning is a central component ... cite journal last Leighton first J. P. title Teaching and assessing deductive reasoning skills journal ... Defeasible reasoning Decision making Decision theory Fallacy Geometry Hypothetico deductive method ... more details
Other uses Closure disambiguation Peter D. Klein , in the second edition of The Cambridge Dictionary of Philosophy , defines closure mathematics closure as follows blockquote A set mathematics set of objects, var O var , is said to exhibit closure or to be closed under a given closure operator operation , var R var , provided that for every object, var x var , if var x var is a member of var O var and var x var is var R var related to any object, var y var , then var y var is a member of var O var . links not in original blockquote In propositional calculus propositional logic , the set of all propositions exhibits deductive closure if set var O var is the set of propositions, and operation var R var is logical entailment math vdash math , then provided that proposition var p var is a member of var O var and var p var is var R var related to var q var i.e., p math vdash math q , var q var is also a member of var O var . In the philosophical branch of epistemology , many philosophers have and continue to debate whether particular subsets of propositions&mdash especially ones ascribing knowledge or justification of a belief to a subject&mdash are closed under deduction. Epistemic closure It is not the case that knowledge is closed under deduction that is, if person var S var knows var p var , and var p var entails var q var , then var S var knows var q var sometimes called the straight principle . ref name stanford Luper, Steven. The Epistemic Closure Principle. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy . Dec 31, 2001. http plato.stanford.edu entries closure epistemic CloPri accessed November 2, 2006 . ref A subject may not actually believe var q var , for example, regardless of whether he or she is justified or warranted. Thus, one might instead say that knowledge is closed under known deduction if, while knowing var p var , var S var believes var q var because var S var knows that var p var entails var q var , then var S var knows var q var . ref name stanford ... more details
Database refimprove date December 2011 condense date November 2011 A database is an organized ... processes requiring this information for example, finding a hotel with vacancies . The term database is correctly applied to the data and their supporting data structures, and not to the database management system DBMS . The database data collection with DBMS is called a database system . The term database system implies that the data is managed to some level of quality measured in terms of accuracy ... database management system DBMS . ref name Ullman Jeffrey Ullman and Jennifer widom 1997 First course in database systems , Prentice Hall Inc., Simon & Schuster, Page 1, ISBN 0 13 861337 0. ref A general .... Well known DBMSs include Oracle Database Oracle , IBM DB2 , Microsoft SQL Server , Microsoft Access , PostgreSQL , MySQL , and SQLite . A database is not generally Software portability portable ... database bibliographic , document text, statistical, or multimedia objects. Another way is by their application ..., or insurance. The term database may be narrowed to specify particular aspects of organized collection of data and may refer to the logical database, to physical database as data content in computer data storage or to many other database sub definitions. History Database concept The database concept ... data . It has evolved together with database management systems which enable the effective handling of databases. Though the terms database and DBMS define different entities, they are inseparable a database s properties are determined by its supporting DBMS and vice versa. The Oxford English ... been unlikely that a complex information system can be built effectively without a proper database ... supported data collection needs to meet respective usability requirements broadly defined by Database Major database usage requirements the requirements below to qualify as a database. Thus, a database ... meet them or converge to meet them. Evolution of database and DBMS technology See also Database ... more details
Multiple issues disputed March 2008 POV March 2008 The hypothetico deductive model or method , first so named by William Whewell , ref William Whewell 1837 History of the Inductive Sciences ref ref William Whewell 1840 , Philosophy of the Inductive Sciences ref is a proposed description of scientific method . According to it, scientific inquiry proceeds by formulating a hypothesis in a form that could conceivably be falsified by a test on observable data. A test that could and does run contrary to predictions of the hypothesis is taken as a Falsifiability falsification of the hypothesis. A test that could but does not run contrary to the hypothesis corroborates the theory. It is then proposed to compare the explanatory value of competing hypotheses by testing how stringently they are corroborated by their predictions. Quotation2 From the long tradition of empiricism we have inherited the hypothetico deductive model of scientific research . p.86 Brody, Thomas A. 1993 , The Philosophy Behind Physics , Springer Verlag, ISBN 0 387 55914 0 . Luis De La Pe a and Peter E. Hodgson, eds. Qualification of corroborating evidence is sometimes raised as philosophically problematic. The raven paradox is a famous example. The hypothesis that all ravens are black would appear to be corroborated by observations of only black ravens. However, all ravens are black is Logical equivalence logically equivalent to all non black things are non ravens this is the contraposition form of the original implication ... Knowledge , pp. 30, 360. ref Despite the philosophical questions raised, the hypothetico deductive ... statement of the hypothetico deductive method ref Peter Godfrey Smith 2003 Theory and Reality ... references Related subjects Confirmation bias Deductive nomological Explanandum Explanandum and explanans ... Deductive reasoning Inductive reasoning Analogy philosophy of science DEFAULTSORT Hypothetico Deductive Model Category Scientific method Category Philosophy of science Category Conceptual models ... more details
The deductive nomological model or D N model is a Formal science formalized Citation needed date March 2011 view of science scientific explanation in natural language . It characterizes scientific explanations primarily as deductive reasoning deductive arguments with at least one natural law statement among its premises. Nomological comes from the Greek word nomos nomos , i.e., law. Background The D N model is known by many names, including the covering law model , the subsumption theory , Hempel s model , the Hempel Oppenheim model , and the Popper Hempel model of explanation Niiniluoto, 1995 . Its introduction in the philosophical literature is part of a broad general discussion about the nature of scientific explanation i.e., what it is, what it should be, etc. . The D N model is taught implicitly in schools, and approximates our pre theoretical conception of science, which many non experts hold. It was initially formalized by Carl Hempel and Paul Oppenheim in their article Studies in the Logic of Explanation 1948 . A sketch of it can be found in Karl Popper s Logic of Scientific Discovery 1934 . Formalization The model offers the following account of scientific explanation , where an explanation is set out as a formalized argument Let p be the explanandum the statement that describes the phenomenon or phenomena to be explained. Let s sub 1 sub . . . s sub n sub be the explanans the statements that explain the statement P . In the D N model, at least one of the statements s sub i sub must be a law like statement Citation needed date March 2011 a problematic concept, but initially thought to be captured by term logic universal affirmatives , i.e., statements of the form ... constitutes a correct deductive nomological explanation of p s sub 1 sub . . . s sub n sub ... 2011 See also Related subjects Explanandum Explanandum and explanans Hypothetico deductive model ... Deductive reasoning Inductive reasoning References and further reading cite journal last Hempel ... more details
Database theory encapsulates a broad range of topics related to the study and research of the theoretical realm of database s and database management system s. Theoretical aspects of data management include, among other areas, the foundations of query languages, computational complexity and expressive power of queries, finite model theory , database design theory, dependency theory database theory dependency theory , foundations of concurrency control and database recovery , deductivedatabase s, temporal database temporal and spatial database s, real time database s, managing uncertain data and probabilistic database s, and Web data. Most research work has traditionally been based on the relational model , since this model is usually considered the simplest and most foundational model of interest. Corresponding results for other data models, such as object oriented or semi structured model s, or, more recently, graph data models and XML , are often derivable from those for the relational model. A central focus of database theory is on understanding the complexity and power of query languages and their connection to logic . Starting from relational algebra and first order logic which are equivalent by Codd s theorem and the insight that important queries such as graph reachability are not expressible in this language, more powerful language based on logic programming and fixpoint logic such as datalog were studied. Another focus was on the foundations of query optimization and data integration . Here most work studied conjunctive query conjunctive queries , which admit query ... in the area are the ACM Symposium on Principles of Database Systems PODS and the International Conference on Database Theory ICDT . References Citation last Abiteboul first Serge author link ... query Expressive power Database DEFAULTSORT Database Theory Category Database management systems Category Database theory lv Datu b u teorija tr Veritaban kuram zh ... more details
Notability Books date January 2010 Primary sources date January 2010 Radiohead and Philosophy Fitter Happier More Deductive is a book edited by Brandon W. Forbes and George A. Reisch, published as Volume 38 in the Popular Culture and Philosophy series of the Open Court Publishing Company . It is a collection of philosophical insights into various aspects of Radiohead s music, by a varied group of academics and other writers, including David Dark , Tim Footman and Mark Greif . References http radioheadandphilosophy.com Radiohead and Philosophy website http www.opencourtbooks.com books n radiohead.htm Open Court Publishing Company Book Review http www.opencourtbooks.com podcast.htm Podcast of Selected Chapters Category Radiohead ... more details
Database state may refer to Database state, in database technology the set of stored data. Entering, modifying, or deleting information changes the database state. A state that practices Mass surveillance . disambig ... more details
Protein database may refer to Any protein structure database Any protein sequence database Exact names Protein NIH Protein database of the National Institute of Health Protein Database of Bio Synthesis, Inc. disambig ... more details
A database machine or back end processor is a computer or special hardware that stores and retrieves data from a database . It is specially designed for database access and is coupled to the main front end computer s by a high speed channel. This contrasts with a database server , which is a computer in a local area network that holds a database. The database machine is tightly coupled to the main CPU , whereas the database server is loosely coupled via the network. An example is the IBM System 38 . Database FOLDOC Category History of computing Category Databases compu hardware stub ... more details
A Centralized database is a database located and maintained in one location, unlike a distributed database . One main advantage is that all data is located in one place. The disadvantage is that bottlenecks may occur. database stub web stub Category Types of databases ... more details
A negative database , in Credit Card terms, refers to a list of Credit Card owners who chargeback a lot. Negative databases are usually maintained by Credit Card companies. The term negative database also refers to a security concept in database terms where contrary to traditional databases, such database saves attributes that cannot be associated with a certain entry. http sigfpe.blogspot.com 2006 10 negative databases.html http www.economist.com science displayStory.cfm?story id 7854216 Database Category Credit cards Category Database security econ stub database stub ... more details
NMR database NMR nuclear magnetic resonance may refer to NMR spectra database , a collection of NMR spectra for a large number of compounds NMR database method , a strategy to identify the stereochemistry of certain chiral compounds dab ... more details
unreferenced date August 2011 A database server is a computer program that provides database services to other computer programs or computer s, as defined by the client server software modeling model . The term may also refer to a computer dedicated to running such a program. Database management system s frequently provide database server functionality, and some database management system DBMSs e.g., MySQL rely exclusively on the client server model for database access. Such a server is accessed either through a front end running on the user s computer which displays requested data or the back end which runs on the server and handles tasks such as data analysis and storage. In a Master slave technology master slave model, database master servers are central and primary locations of data while database slave servers are synchronized backups of the master acting as proxies. Some examples of proprietary database servers are Oracle Corporation Oracle , IBM DB2 DB2 , Informix , and Microsoft SQL Server . Examples of GNU General Public Licence database servers are Ingres database Ingres and MySQL . Every server uses its own query logic and structure. The SQL query language is more or less the same in all the database servers. See also Replication computer science Database replication Database replication Database Category Data management Category Servers computing Category Databases software type stub database stub de Datenbankserver id Server basis data kk nl Databaseserver ... more details
The Diseases Database is a database that underlies a free website that provides information about the relationships between medical conditions, symptoms , and medications . The database is run by Medical ... Organization The Diseases Database is based around a collection of concepts related to human medicine .... These are referred to as items . There are around 8,000 items within the database. ref http www.diseasesdatabase.com ... resources three sets of metadata are modelled within the database. Firstly, Diseases Database ... heart disease . More formally the database employs an entity attribute value model with items ... infarction . Such relationships aggregate within the database and allow lists to be retrieved ... infarction. Secondly, most Diseases Database items are assigned topic specific hyperlinks to Web ..., most Diseases Database items are mapped to concepts within the Unified Medical Language System UMLS ... notes for the majority of items on the database. The UMLS map also enables links to and from other medical classifications and terminologies e.g. ICD 9 and SNOMED . Diseases Database content can thus ... concept code for Myocardial infarction 22298006 finds the equivalent Diseases Database item ... Diseases Database References Reflist Category Bioinformatics Category Medical literature Category Medical databases ar az Diseases Database be Diseases Database bs Diseases Database ca Diseases Database cy Cronfa ddata o Afiechydon et Diseases Database es Diseases Database fa fr Diseases Database gl Diseases Database ko id Diseases Database he Diseases Database jv Diseases Database nl Diseases Database no Diseases Database pl Diseases Database pt Diseases Database ru Diseases Database sr Diseases Database sh Diseases Database sv Diseases Database ta tr Hastal k Veri Taban uk Diseases Database ur vi Diseases Database zh ... more details
The Openedge Database is a relational database with some growing Object capabilities . It was formerly known as the Progress RDBMS. see also Progress Software Corporation OpenEdge Advanced Business Language sources date February 2012 database software stub Category Proprietary database management systems ... more details
unreferenced date November 2011 Basis database or OpenText Collections Server is a database produced by Open Text Corporation . External links http www.opentext.com 2 global products products library and collection management products opentext collections server.htm Open Text Corporation product website database software stub Category Database management systems ... more details
Refimprove date May 2009 A database refactoring is a simple change to a database schema that improves its design while retaining both its behavioral and informational semantics. A database refactoring is conceptually more difficult than a code refactoring code refactorings only need to maintain behavioral semantics while database refactorings also must maintain informational semantics. ref Scott Ambler and Pramod Sadalage 2006 . Refactoring databases Evolutionary database design . Addison Wesley. ISBN 978 0321293534 ref The process of database refactoring is the act of applying database refactorings to evolve an existing database schema database refactoring is a core practice of evolutionary database design . You refactor a database schema for one of two reasons to develop the schema in an evolutionary manner in parallel with the evolutionary design of the rest of your system or to fix design problems with an existing legacy database schema Database refactoring does not change the way data is interpreted or used and does not fix computer bug bug s or add new functionality. Every single refactoring to a database leaves the system in a working state, thus not causing maintenance lags, provided the meaningful data exists in the production environment. An example of database refactoring would be splitting an aggregate table into two different tables in the process of database normalization Tools LiquiBase See also Database testing Refactoring Test driven development Unit testing References Reflist External links http www.infoq.com presentations ambler database refactoring Database refactoring presentation at InfoQ.com by Scott W. Ambler http www.agiledata.org essays databaseRefactoring.html The Process of Database Refactoring by Scott W. Ambler http www.agiledata.org essays databaseRefactoringCatalog.html Catalog of Database Refactorings . by Scott W. Ambler. http www.databaserefactoring.com Database Refactoring Website by Pramod Sadalage Database Category Extreme programming ... more details
Unreferenced date March 2007 For information on obtaining the Wikipedia database, see Wikipedia Database download . A database dump contains a record of the Table database table structure and or the data from a database and is usually in the form of a list of SQL statements. A database dump is most often used for backup backing up a database so that its contents can be restored in the event of data loss . Data corruption Corrupted databases can often be recovered by analysis of the dump. Database dumps are often published by free software and free content projects, to allow reuse or Fork software development forking of the database. Example source lang sql Database CREATE DATABASE example USE example Table structure for table users CREATE TABLE users id int 8 unsigned NOT NULL AUTO INCREMENT, username varchar 16 NOT NULL, password varchar 16 NOT NULL, PRIMARY KEY id Data for table users INSERT INTO users VALUES 1, alice , secret , 2, bob , secret source See also Core dump Databases Database management system References Empty section date July 2010 External links http dev.mysql.com doc refman 5.0 en mysqldump.html mysqldump A Database Backup Program http www.postgresql.org docs 8.2 interactive backup dump.html PostgreSQL dump backup methods , for PostgreSQL databases. databases Category Database administration tools database stub de Datenbankdump ... more details
Mergefrom Schema object date March 2012 Image Mediawiki dbschema.svg thumb A depiction of MediaWiki database schema. A database schema pronounced skee ma , IPA en ski.m of a database system is its structure described in a formal language supported by the database management system DBMS and refers to the organization of data to create a blueprint of how a database will be constructed divided into database tables . The formal definition of database schema is a set of formulas sentences called integrity constraints imposed on a database. These integrity constraints ensure compatibility between parts of the schema. All constraints are expressible in the same language. A database can be considered a structure in realization of the database language . ref name source1 The states of a created conceptual schema are transformed into an explicit mapping, the database schema. This describes how real world entities are modeled in the database. br A database schema specifies, based on the database administrator s knowledge of possible applications, the facts that can enter the database, or those of interest to the possible end user s. ref name source3 The notion of a database schema plays the same ... to a database, which can be seen at any instant of time as a mathematical object . Thus a schema can ... specifically for a type of database, all expressed in the same database language. ref name source1 In a relational database , the schema defines the Table database tables , Field computer science fields , Relational model relationship s, View database view s, Index database index es, Software ... queue s, Database trigger trigger s, Data type type s, sequence s, materialized view s, Synonym database synonym s, database link s, Directory file systems directories , Java programming language ... a schema is defined in text database language, the term is often used to refer to a graphical depiction of the database structure. In other words, schema is the structure of the database that defines ... more details
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