wiktionary deductivereasoningDeductivereasoning , also called deductive logic , is the process of reasoning ... 2009 publisher Wadsworth location Belmont, CA isbn 978 0 495 50629 4 pages 578 ref Deductivereasoning involves using given true premises to reach a conclusion that is also true. Deductivereasoning contrasts with inductive reasoning in that a specific conclusion is arrived at from a general principle ... as a man . Deductivereasoning moves from theory to observations or findings. So, in the above example ... form of deductivereasoning. A single Material conditional conditional statement is made, and a hypothesis ... logic . Deductivereasoning can be contrasted with inductive reasoning , in regards to validity ... of thought . Reasoning and Education Typically, deductivereasoning is thought of as a skill that develops ... for deductivereasoning journal Mathematical Thinking and Learning year 2008 volume 10 issue 2 ... J. P. title Teaching and assessing deductivereasoning skills journal Journal of Experimental Education ... mathematics Insights from psychological research into students ability for deductivereasoning journal ... students who plan on continuing into higher education. Deductivereasoning is a central component ... cite journal last Leighton first J. P. title Teaching and assessing deductivereasoning skills journal ... Defeasible reasoning Decision making Decision theory Fallacy Geometry Hypothetico deductive method ... DEFAULTSORT DeductiveReasoning Category Deduction Category Problem solving Category Reasoning ar ... simple Deductivereasoning sl Dedukcija sr sh Dedukcija fi Deduktiivinen p ttely .... An example of a deductive argument All men are mortal. Socrates is a man. Therefore, Socrates is mortal ... basic form is listed below P Q conditional statement P hypothesis stated Q conclusion deduced In deductivereasoning, we can conclude Q from P by using the law of detachment. ref http www.jgsee.kmutt.ac.th ... conclude that this could be a false statement. Deductive Logic Validity and Soundness Deductive arguments ... more details
A deductive system also called a deductive apparatus of a formal system consists of the axiom s or axiom schema ta and rules of inference that can be used to formal proof derive the theorem s of the system. ref Hunter, Geoffrey, Metalogic An Introduction to the Metatheory of Standard First Order Logic, University of California Pres, 1971 ref Such a deductive system is intended to preserve deductivereasoningdeductive qualities in the formula mathematical logic formula s that are expressed in the system. Usually the quality we are concerned with is truth as opposed to falsehood. However, other modal logic modalities , such as Theory of justification justification or belief may be preserved instead. In order to sustain its deductive integrity, a deductive apparatus must be definable without reference to any intended interpretation of the language. The aim is to ensure that each line of a Mathematical proof derivation is merely a syntactic consequence of the lines that precede it. There should be no element of any Interpretation logic interpretation of the language that gets involved with the deductive nature of the system. See also Formal grammar Natural deduction Axiomatic system Proof calculus References reflist logic Category Syntactic entities Category Proof theory Category Deduction Category Formal systems el es Sistema deductivo nl Deductief systeem pt Sistema dedutivo ... more details
A Deductive database is a database system that can make Deductivereasoning deductions i.e. conclude additional facts based on wiktionary rule rules and facts stored in the deductive database. Datalog is the language typically used to specify facts, rules and queries in deductive databases. Deductive databases have grown out of the desire to combine logic programming with relational database s to construct systems that support a powerful formalism and are still fast and able to deal with very large datasets. Deductive databases are more expressive than relational databases but less expressive than logic programming systems. Deductive databases have not found widespread adoptions outside academia, but some of their concepts are used in today s relational databases to support the advanced features of more recent SQL standards. Citation needed date November 2011 Deductive databases and logic programming Deductive databases reuse a large number of concepts from logic programming rules and facts specified in the deductive database language Datalog look very similar to those in Prolog . However, there are a number of important differences between deductive databases and logic programming Order sensitivity and procedurality in Prolog, program execution depends on the order of rules in the program and on the order of parts of rules these properties are used by programmers to build efficient programs. In database languages like SQL or Datalog , however, program execution is independent of the order of rules and facts. Special predicates In Prolog, programmers can directly influence the procedural evaluation of the program with special predicates such as the Cut logic programming cut , this has no correspondence in deductive databases. Function symbols Logic Programming languages allow Functional predicate function symbols to build up complex symbols. This is not allowed in deductive databases. Tuple oriented processing Deductive databases use set oriented processing while logic ... more details
Refimprove date May 2010 Wiktionary fallacy A deductive fallacy is defined as a deductive argument that is invalid. The argument itself could have true premise s, but still have a false logical consequence conclusion . ref cite web url http www.nizkor.org features fallacies title Description of Fallacies last Labossiere first Michael year 1995 publisher The Nizkor Project accessdate 2008 09 09 ref Thus, a deductive fallacy is a fallacy where deduction goes wrong, and is no longer a logical process. Logical fallacy The standard Aristotelian logical fallacies are Fallacy of four terms Quaternio terminorum Fallacy of the undistributed middle Fallacy of illicit process of the illicit major major or the illicit minor minor term and Affirmative conclusion from a negative premise . Other logical fallacies include The begging the question self reliant fallacy In philosophy , the term logical fallacy properly refers to a formal fallacy a flaw in the structure of a deductivereasoningdeductive logical argument argument , which renders the argument validity invalid . However, it is often used more generally in informal discourse to mean an argument that is problematic for any reason, and thus encompasses informal fallacy informal fallacies as well as formal fallacies valid but soundness unsound claims or poor non deductive argumentation. The presence of a formal fallacy in a deductive argument does not imply anything about the argument s premises or its conclusion see fallacy fallacy . Both may actually be true, or even more probable as a result of the argument e.g. appeal to authority , but the deductive argument is still invalid because the conclusion does not follow from the premises ... is not a deductive one for instance an inductive argument that incorrectly applies principles ..., the deductive fallacy is formed by points that may individually appear logical, but when placed ... 2 relevance fallacies formal fallacy informal fallacy DEFAULTSORT Deductive Fallacy Category Deduction ... more details
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 Orphan date February 2009 A deductive language is a computer programming language in which the program is a collection of predicates facts and rules that connect them. Such a language is used to create knowledge based system s or expert system s which can deduce answers to problems set them by applying the rules to the facts they have been given. An example of a deductive language is Prolog , or it s database query cousin, Datalog . DEFAULTSORT Deductive Language Compu lang stub Category Computer programming Category Databases ... more details
The deductive mood is an epistemic modality epistemic grammatical mood that indicates that the truth of the statement was deduced from other information, rather than being directly known. ref cite web url http www.sil.org linguistics GlossaryOflinguisticTerms WhatIsDeductiveMood.htm title What is deductive mood? publisher SIL International work Glossary of linguistic terms last Loos first Eugene E. coauthors Susan Anderson Dwight H. Day, Jr. Paul C. Jordan J. Douglas Wingate accessdate 2009 12 28 ref In English, deductive mood is often indicated by the word wikt must must , which is also used for many other purposes. By contrast, some other languages have special words or verb affixes to indicate deductive mood specifically. An example in English language English There s gas in the house Someone must have left the stove on deductive indicated by must References references Grammatical moods Category Grammatical moods Ling morph stub ... more details
Other uses Closure disambiguation Peter D. Klein , in the second edition of The Cambridge Dictionary of Philosophy , defines closure mathematics closure as follows blockquote A set mathematics set of objects, var O var , is said to exhibit closure or to be closed under a given closure operator operation , var R var , provided that for every object, var x var , if var x var is a member of var O var and var x var is var R var related to any object, var y var , then var y var is a member of var O var . links not in original blockquote In propositional calculus propositional logic , the set of all propositions exhibits deductive closure if set var O var is the set of propositions, and operation var R var is logical entailment math vdash math , then provided that proposition var p var is a member of var O var and var p var is var R var related to var q var i.e., p math vdash math q , var q var is also a member of var O var . In the philosophical branch of epistemology , many philosophers have and continue to debate whether particular subsets of propositions&mdash especially ones ascribing knowledge or justification of a belief to a subject&mdash are closed under deduction. Epistemic closure It is not the case that knowledge is closed under deduction that is, if person var S var knows var p var , and var p var entails var q var , then var S var knows var q var sometimes called the straight principle . ref name stanford Luper, Steven. The Epistemic Closure Principle. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy . Dec 31, 2001. http plato.stanford.edu entries closure epistemic CloPri accessed November 2, 2006 . ref A subject may not actually believe var q var , for example, regardless of whether he or she is justified or warranted. Thus, one might instead say that knowledge is closed under known deduction if, while knowing var p var , var S var believes var q var because var S var knows that var p var entails var q var , then var S var knows var q var . ref name stanford ... more details
Evidential reason or evidential reasoning may refer to Probabilistic logic , a combination of the capacity of probability theory to handle uncertainty with the capacity of deductive logic to exploit structure Evidential reason , a type of reason argument in contrast to an explanatory reason Evidential reasoning approach , in decision theory, an approach for multiple criteria decision analysis MCDA under uncertainty Disambig ... more details
In logic , three kinds of logical reasoning can be distinguished deduction, induction and abduction. Given a Premise precondition , a Logical consequence conclusion , and a Material conditional rule that the precondition implies the conclusion , they can be explained in the following way Deductivereasoning Deduction means determining the conclusion . It is using the rule and its precondition to make a conclusion . Example When it rains, the grass gets wet. It rained today. Therefore, the grass is wet. Mathematician s are commonly associated with this style of reasoning. Inductive reasoning Induction means determining the rule . It is learning the rule after numerous examples of the conclusion following the precondition . Example The grass has been wet every time it has rained. Therefore, if it rains tomorrow, the grass will get wet. Scientist s are commonly associated with this style of reasoning. Abductive reasoning Abduction means determining the precondition . It is using the conclusion and the rule to support that the precondition could explain the conclusion . Example When it rains, the grass gets wet. The grass is wet, therefore, it may have rained. Diagnostician s and detective s are commonly associated with this style of reasoning. See also Logical fallacy Logical argument Inference Reason , Reasoning Defeasible reasoning References T. Menzies. Applications of Abduction Knowledge Level Modeling. November 1996 Category Reasoning de Schlussfolgerung fa fr Concept logique ja nl Redenering zh ... more details
Opportunistic reasoning is a method of selecting a suitable logical inference strategy within artificial intelligence applications. Specific Deductivereasoningreasoning methods may be used to draw Logical consequence conclusions from a set of given facts in a knowledge base , e.g. forward chaining versus backward chaining . However, in opportunistic reasoning, pieces of knowledge may be applied either forward or backward, at the most opportune time . ref Blackboard systems by I. Craig, 1995 ISBN 1567500293 page 84 ref An opportunistic reasoning system may combine elements of both forward and backward reasoning. It is useful when the number of possible inferences is very large and the reasoning system must be responsive to new data that may become known. ref Fundamentals of expert systems technology by Samuel J. Biondo 1990 ISBN 089391701X page 69 ref Opportunistic reasoning has been used in applications such as blackboard system s and medical applications. ref Roy Turner, Opportunistic use of schemata in Tenth Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society 1988 ISBN 0805804366 page 165 ref References Marin Di Simina et al. Opportunistic Reasoning A Design Perspective in Proceedings of the Seventeenth Annual Conference of Cognitive Science edited by Johanna D. Moore, 1995 ISBN 0805821597, page 78 Notes Reflist Category Reasoning Compu AI stub ... more details
are acknowledged. Other kinds of non demonstrative reasoning are probabilistic reasoning , inductive reasoning , statistical reasoning, abductive reasoning , and paraconsistent reasoning. Defeasible reasoning is also a kind of ampliative reasoning because its conclusions reach beyond the pure meanings of the premises. The differences between these kinds of reasoning correspond to differences about the conditional that each kind of reasoning uses, and on what premise or on what authority the conditional is adopted deductivereasoningDeductive from meaning postulate, axiom, or contingent assertion ... and rhetoric , 20th Century philosophers mainly concentrated on deductivereasoning. At the end ...No footnotes date April 2010 Defeasible reasoning is a kind of reasoning that is based on reasons that are defeasible , as opposed to the indefeasible reasons of deductive logic. Defeasible reasoning is a particular kind of non demonstrative reasoning, where the reasoning does not produce a full, complete ..., in the right context if p then probably q inductive reasoning Inductive theory formation from ... q abductive reasoning Abductive from data and theory p and q are correlated, and q is sufficient for p hence, if p then abducibly q as cause Some have thought that defeasible reasoning could be connected to qualitative probabilistic reasoning, but such efforts have not borne great insights. Defeasible reasoning finds its fullest expression in jurisprudence , ethics and moral philosophy , epistemology ... reasoning i.e., reasoning on the face of evidence , and ceteris paribus default reasoning i.e., reasoning, all things being equal . History Though Aristotle differentiated the forms of reasoning that are valid ... reasoning, often giving more space to the latter. However, after the blossoming of mathematical logic ... 20th Century logic texts paid little attention to the non deductive modes of inference. There are several notable exceptions. John Maynard Keynes wrote his dissertation on non demonstrative reasoning ... more details
knowledge using logic logical techniques of Deductivereasoning deduction , Inductive reasoning induction or other forms of Reason Logical reasoning methods and argumentation reasoning . Reasoning systems ... reasoning systems employ deductivereasoning to draw Inference inferences from available knowledge. These inference engines support forward reasoning or backward reasoning to infer conclusions via modus ponens . The Recursion recursive reasoning methods they employee are termed forward chaining and backward chaining , respectively. Although reasoning systems widely support deductive inference, some systems employ Abductive reasoning abductive , Inductive reasoning inductive , Defeasible reasoning defeasible and other types of reasoning. Heuristic Heuristics may also be employed to determine acceptable solutions to Computational complexity theory Intractability intractable problems . Reasoning ...In information technology a reasoning system is any software application , hardware device or combination ... role in the practical implementation knowledge engineering and artificial intelligence . A reasoning ... knowledge representations may also be used e.g., trained Neural network neural nets . Reasoning systems ... of logic. In a concrete implementation, reasoning systems may support procedural attachments and built in actions to process or apply knowledge within some given domain or situation. Reasoning systems ... of logic Reasoning systems apply logic in order to generate knowledge. However, they demonstrate significant variation in terms of Formal system systems of logic and formality. Most reasoning systems ... Research, 1997, Benjamin N. Grosof ref . Reasoning systems may explicitly implement additional logic ... reasoning systems implement imprecise and semi formal approximations to recognised logic systems ... techniques in order to model different reasoning strategies. They emphasise pragmatism over formality ... . Different reasoning systems may support Monotonic function Monotonic logic monotonic or Non monotonic ... more details
of deductivereasoning 90 of humans are right handed. Joe is a human. Therefore, the probability ... life depends on liquid water to exist. Inductive vs. deductivereasoning Inductive reasoning allows ... and Kolmogorov complexity . See also Portal Thinking Logic Abductive reasoning Analogy Deductivereasoning ...More footnotes date November 2010 Inductive reasoning , also known as induction , is a kind of Logical reasoningreasoning that constructs or evaluates proposition s that are abstractions of observations of individual instances of members of the same class. Inductive reasoning contrasts with deductivereasoning in that a general conclusion is arrived at by specific examples. Definition The philosophical definition of inductive reasoning is much more nuanced than simple progression from particular ... from generalizations to individual instances. Inductive reasoning consists of inferring general principles or rules from specific facts. A well known laboratory example of inductive reasoning ... Education Canada ref Though many dictionaries define inductive reasoning as reasoning that derives general principles from specific observations, this usage is outdated. ref Citation title Deductive and Inductive ... Some dictionaries define deduction as reasoning from the general to specific and induction as reasoning ... Encyclopedia of Philosophy. ref The previous deduction was a false assertion of inductive reasoning ... reasoning , which is a weak type of induction. It is not an example of Strong Inductive Reasoning. A proper example of inductive reasoning is as follows All of the swans that all living beings have ever seen are white Therefore, all swans are white. Note that this definition of inductive reasoning excludes mathematical induction , which is considered to be a form of deductivereasoningdeductivereasoning. Strong and weak induction The words strong and weak are sometimes used to praise or demean ... is an example of probabilistic reasoning which employs weak induction. Therefore the previous example ... more details
Psychologically, what are the relationships between inductive reasoning induction , deductivereasoning ... ? ref See, e.g., Goel, V. 2005 . Cognitive Neuroscience of DeductiveReasoning. In Holyoak, K. J. & Morrison ...Psychology sidebar The psychology of reasoning is the study of how people reason , often broadly defined ... Leighton, J. P. 2004 . Defining and describing reason, in The Nature of Reasoning eds Leighton, J ... about reasoning, rationality, intelligence, relationships between emotion and reasoning, and development. Everyday reasoning How do people reason about sentences in natural language? Most experimentation ... 1993 . Human Reasoning The Psychology of Deduction . Hove, UK, Psychology Press ref . Participants ... 1993 . Human Reasoning The Psychology of Deduction . Hove, UK, Psychology Press ref . The ease with which ... then the number is even ref Evans, J.St.B.T., Newstead, S. and Byrne, R.M.J. 1993 . Human Reasoning ..., D. 2002 . The suppression of modus ponens as a case of pragmatic preconditional reasoning. Thinking and Reasoning , 8, 21 40. ref ref Byrne, R.M.J., Espino, O. & Santamaria, C. 1999 . Counterexamples ... Laird, P.N. 2006 . How we reason. Oxford Oxford University Press ref . Theories of reasoning There are several alternative theories of the cognitive processes that human reasoning is based on ref Byrne, R.M.J. and Johnson Laird, P.N. 2009 . If and the problems of conditional reasoning. Trends ... calculus ref O Brien, D. 2009 . Human reasoning requires a mental logic. Behav. Brain Sci. 32 ..., or a standard against which to compare human reasoning. Initially classical logic was chosen as a competence model. ref See, e.g., Peter Wason Wason , P. C. 1966 . Reasoning , in Foss, B. M. New ... approach to human reasoning. Trends in Cognitive Sciences , 5, 349 357 ref Research on mental models and reasoning has led to the suggestion that people are rational in principle but err in practice ... towards reasoning have also been proposed. ref Ron Sun Sun , R. 1994 . Integrating Rules and Connectionism ... more details
reasoning takes many forms, including propositional reasoning, deductive logic, separation and control of variables, combinatorial reasoning, and propositional reasoning. Robert Karplus , a science educator in the 1960s and 1970s, investigated all these forms of reasoning in adolescents & adults and proportional reasoning. Mr. Tall Mr.Short was one of his studies. Examples Mr. Tall Mr. Short ..., Proportional reasoning is one of the skills a child acquires when progressing from the stage ... the height of Mr. Tall in paper clips. Explain. Typical Solutions class wikitable Reasoning Explanation Multiplicative Reasoning 1 He is nine paper clips tall. Each button is equal to one and a half .... Multiplicative Reasoning 2 Mr. Tall is 1 times as high as Mr. Short. Since Mr. Short is 6 clips high, Mr. Tall must be 6 1 9 clips high. Multiplicative Reasoning using addition For every two buttons ... taller. 6 3 9 paper clips. Additive Reasoning 1 Mr. Tall is 8 paper clips high. Mr. Short is 4 large ... Reasoning 2 Mr. Tall is two more buttons taller than Mr. Short so he will also be two more paper clips ... reasoning yet, the additive solution is by far the most common. It is a consistent, logical strategy ... strategy. Inverse Proportion Comparable reasoning patterns exist for inverse proportion. Water Triangle ... Reasoning Howto date September 2009 As any experienced teacher will attest Citation needed date ... recognize that their current mode of reasoning, say that it is additive, is inappropriate ... he called the learning cycle that facilitates the acquisition of new reasoning skills. The first phase ... with their present ideas or reasoning patterns. In the second phase the concept is introduced and explained .... Expanding Functional Reasoning The four functional relations noted above, constant sum, constant ... Reasoning Category Child development Category Reasoning ... more details
Kant s Usage In the philosophy of Immanuel Kant , analytic reasoning represents judgments made upon statements that are based on the virtue of the statement s own content. No particular experience, beyond an understanding of the meanings of words used, is necessary for analytic reasoning. ref See Stephen Palmquist , Knowledge and Experience An Examination of the Four Reflective Perspectives in Kant s Critical Philosophy , Kant Studien 78 2 1987 , pp.170 200 revised and reprinted as Chapter IV of http www.hkbu.edu.hk ppp ksp1 Kant s System of Perspectives Lanham University Press of America, 1993 . ref For example, John is a bachelor. is a given true statement. Through analytic reasoning, one can make the judgment that John is unmarried . One knows this to be true since the state of being unmarried is implied in the word bachelor no particular experience of John is necessary to make this judgement. To suggest that John is married given that he is a bachelor would be self contradictory. Compare analytic reasoning with synthetic reasoning . See also Analytic synthetic distinction Footnotes references logic stub Category Philosophical logic Category Reasoning Category Aptitude ca Raonament anal tic ... more details
Verbal reasoning is understanding and reasoning using concepts framed in words. It aims at evaluating ability to think constructively, rather than at simple fluency or vocabulary recognition. Large graduate training schemes are increasingly using verbal reasoning tests verbal s to distinguish between applicants. The types of verbals candidates face in these assessments are typically looking to assess understanding and comprehension skills. As an applicant you will be presented with a short passage of text and will need to answer a True, False or Cannot Say response to each statement. ref cite web last James first David title Verbal Aptitude Tests url http www.practiceaptitudetests.com verbal reasoning tests.htm work Practice aptitude tests accessdate 31 July 2011 ref Criticism of verbal reasoning tests Some have criticised verbal reasoning tests due to their lack of precision many questions arguably having more than one answer. For example, a question which asks When will Joe Bloggs retire? may expect the testee to respond with the answer Joe Bloggs will retire at 65 based on the following two sentences taken from a preceding paragraph the format of most verbal reasoning tests Joe Bloggs currently works as a civil servant and Those in the civil service generally retire at 65 However, though the two sentences make it probable that Joe Bloggs will retire at 65, it is still a logical possibility that he will continue to work beyond this point, or that he will retire early and live off savings. Additionally, a number of questions ask testees to decide what the central focus of the preceding paragraph is, however the options provided often afford more than one arguable response. As such, critics suggest that standard IQ tests or numerical reasoning tests, are preferable due to their precision . Verbal reasoning suits only certain types of people, and most say they are not intelligence ... Reasoning Category Aptitude psychology stub ... more details
Qualitative Reasoning QR is an area of research within Artificial Intelligence AI that automates reasoning about continuous aspects of the physical world, such as space, time, and quantity, for the purpose of problem solving and planning using qualitative rather than quantitative information. ref cite web title Qualitative Reasoning Reaching Good Conclusions without Being Precise url http www.aaai.org AITopics pmwiki pmwiki.php AITopics QualitativeReasoning publisher Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence AAAI ref Qualitative Reasoning creates non numerical descriptions of physical systems and their behavior, preserving important behavioral properties and qualitative distinctions. ref name bredeweg cite web author Bert Bredeweg and Peter Struss title Current Topics in Qualitative Reasoning url http staff.science.uva.nl bredeweg pdf aimag2003a.pdf publisher American Association for Artificial Intelligence year 2003 ref The goal of qualitative reasoning research is to develop representation and reasoning methods that enable programs to reason about the behavior of physical systems, without precise quantitative information. An example is observing pouring rain and the steadily rising water level of a river, which is sufficient information to take action against possible flooding without knowing the exact water level, the rate of change, or the time the river might flood. ref cite web author Yumi Iwasaki title Real World Applications of Qualitative Reasoning url http ksl web.stanford.edu people iwasaki my intro.ps location Knowledge Systems Laboratory, Department ... See also Spatial temporal reasoning Spatial temporal reasoning in computer science Spatial temporal reasoning Qualitative Reasoning Group QRG Object centered high level reference ontology Object Centered ... QRM index.html Qualitative Reasoning and Modelling QRM portal of the University of Amsterdam compu AI stub Category Reasoning ... more details
Adaptive reasoning refers to a problem solving strategy that adapts thinking to address a problem as it changes and evolves. Some definitions Adaptive reasoning may also refer to the adaption of thought processes problem solving strategies, conceptual framework , in response and anticipation of the changing nature of the problem being considered. Adaptive reasoning refers to the capacity to think logically about the relationships among concepts and situations and to justify and ultimately prove the correctness of a mathematical procedure or assertion. Adaptive reasoning also includes reasoning based on pattern, analogy or metaphor. Kilpatrick, p. 170 ref Adding it Up Helping Children Learn Mathematics By Jeremy Kilpatrick, Jane Swafford, Bradford Findell, National Research Council U.S. . Mathematics Learning Study Committee Edition illustrated Published by National Academies Press, 2001 ISBN 0 309 06995 5, 978 0 309 06995 3 ref Capacity for logical thought, reflection, explanation and justification. Donovan and Bransford, p. 218 ref How Students Learn History, Mathematics, and Science in the Classroom By National Research Council U.S. . Committee on How People Learn, A Targeted Report for Teachers, Suzanne Donovan, John Bransford Edition illustrated Published by National Academies Press, 2005 ISBN 0 309 08949 2, 978 0 309 08949 4 ref The ability of an agent to intelligently adapt its behavior, both short term and long term in response to the changing needs of its problem solving situation Turner, p. 4 ref Adaptive Reasoning for Real world Problems A Schema based Approach By Roy M. Turner Edition illustrated Published by Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1994 ISBN 0 8058 1298 9, 978 0 8058 1298 5 ref Bibliography please add content here References Reflist See also Portal Thinking Problem solving List of thought processes Category Problem solving Category Thought Category Cognition Category Reasoning ... more details
Commonsense reasoning is the branch of Artificial intelligence concerned with replicating human thinking. There are several components to this problem, including Developing adequately broad and deep commonsense knowledge bases . Developing reasoning methods that exhibit the features of human thinking, including the ability to reason with knowledge that is true by default reason rapidly across a broad range of domains tolerate uncertainty in your knowledge take decisions under incomplete knowledge and perhaps revise that belief or decision when complete knowledge becomes available. Developing new kinds of cognitive architectures that support multiple reasoning methods and representations. Prominent Researchers and Individuals Involved Marvin Minsky John McCarthy computer scientist John McCarthy Erik Mueller Doug Lenat Lenhart Schubert Common Sense Problems Formalizing the commonsense knowledge needed for even simple reasoning problems is a huge undertaking. For this reason, researchers often study small toy problems, such as planning in the blocks world domain. Because such toy problems can gloss over some of the more interesting research issues, there has been a recent trend toward working on more realistic challenge problems. http www formal.stanford.edu leora commonsense Common Sense Problems Schools of thought Prof. John McCarthy computer scientist John McCarthy believes in formal logic approach to common sense reasoning. Prof. Marvin Minsky takes an approach illustrated in Society of Mind The Society of Mind and in The Emotion Machine. See also Cyc Open Mind Common Sense ... T. 2006 http www.signiform.com csr toc.html Commonsense Reasoning . San Francisco Morgan Kaufmann. ISBN 0 12 369388 8. External links http commonsensereasoning.org Commonsense Reasoning Web Site http www formal.stanford.edu leora commonsense Commonsense Reasoning Problem Page http csc.media.mit.edu ... of Commonsense Reasoning Computable knowledge Category Artificial intelligence Category Reasoning compu ... more details
Refimprove date September 2007 Emotional reasoning is a cognitive error that occurs when a person believes that what he or she is feeling is true regardless of the evidence. As an example we have the people who is nervous or anxious and resorts to emotional reactions to determine a course of action. For instance, an anxious test taker might feel that he does not understand the material. He might feel as though he doesn t understand at all, but in fact is perfectly capable of answering the questions, and is merely insecure about it. By acting on the basis of his insecurity , he might assume he does not know the answers and guess randomly. Thus he creates a self fulfilling prophecy of failure. In this way, emotional reasoning amplifies the effects of other cognitive distortions Although this is an exception to the rule . External links http daphne.palomar.edu jtagg emotion.htm Category Popular psychology Category Emotional issues Category Critical thinking Category Reasoning cognitive psych stub nl Emotioneel redeneren ... more details
Motivated reasoning is an emotion biased decision making phenomenon studied in cognitive science and social ... Sheet Motivated Reasoning, American Psychological Association APA citing cite pmid 270237 ref Beliefs ... s own outcomes ref name oleary Cognitive strategy The processes of motivated reasoning are a type ... and cling to false beliefs despite overwhelming evidence, the phenomenon is labeled motivated reasoning ... with threat to or attainment of motives. ref name westen Mechanisms of Motivated Reasoning Early ... reasoning but have also introduced motivational ref name kunda cite doi 10.1037 0033 2909.108.3.480 ... of motivated reasoning. To further complicate the issue, the first neuro imaging study designed to test the neural circuitry of individuals engaged in motivated reasoning found that motivated reasoning was not associated with neural activity in regions previously linked with cold reasoning tasks Bayesian reasoning and conscious explicit emotion regulation. ref name westen cite doi 10.1162 jocn.2006.18.11.1947 ... reasoning. Both theories distinguish between mechanisms present when the individual is trying ... Oriented Motivated Reasoning. One review of the research Zina Kunda 1990 develops the following theoretical model to explain the mechanism by which motivated reasoning results in bias. The model is summarized ... acts as an initial trigger for the operation of cognitive processes. Historically, motivated reasoning ... Press chapter Three steps toward a theory of motivated political reasoning year 2000 isbn ... is tasked with accuracy goals. Accuracy Oriented Motivated Reasoning. Kunda asserts that accuracy goals ... to reduce bias the following conditions must be present. 1 Subjects must possess appropriate reasoning ... process of utilizing cognitive strategies in motivated reasoning. A construct which is called into question by later neuroscience research which concludes that motivated reasoning is qualitatively distinct from reasoning in instances when there is no strong emotional stake in the outcomes , Weston ... more details
Wikify date July 2010 POV date July 2010 In a frequently cited paper ref Ferguson, Eugene S. 1977. The Minds Eye Non Verbal Thought in Technology. Science 197 4306 827 836. ref in the journal Science journal Science and later book ref Ferguson, Eugene S. 1992. Engineering and the mind s eye . Cambridge, Mass. MIT Press. ref Eugene S. Ferguson , a mechanical engineer and historian of technology, claims what many engineers and technologists take for granted visual reasoning is a widely used tool used in creating technological artefacts. There is ample evidence that visual methods, particularly drawing, play a central role in creating artefacts. Ferguson s visual reasoning also has parallels in philosopher David Gooding s ref Gooding, David. 1990. Experiment and the making of meaning human agency in scientific observation and experiment . Dordrecht Boston Kluwer Academic Publishers. ref argument that experimental scientists work with a combination of action, instruments, objects and procedures as well as words. That is, with a significant non verbal component. Ferguson argues that non verbal largely visual reasoning does not get much attention in areas like history of technology and philosophy of science because the people involved are verbal rather than visual thinkers. Those who use visual reasoning, notably architects, designers and engineers, conceive and manipulate objects in the mind s eye before putting them on paper. Having done this the paper or computer versions in CAD can be manipulated by metaphorically building the object on paper or computer before building it physically. Nicola Tesla claimed that the first alternating current motor he built ran perfectly because he had visualized and run models of it in his mind before building the prototype. See also Scientific visualization Visual analytics References Reflist Category Cognition Category Reasoning ... more details
Thoroughbred racehorse infobox horsename Bold Reasoning image caption sire Boldnesian grandsire Bold Ruler dam Reason To Earn damsire Hail To Reason sex Stallion horse Stallion foaled 1968 country United States colour Brown color Brown breeder Leon Savage owner Kosgrove Stable trainer Nick Gonzales record 12 8 2 0 earnings 189,564 race Jersey Derby 1971 br Withers Stakes 1971 updated Bold Reasoning 1968 1975 was an United States American thoroughbred racehorse foaled in Florida . He was out of the Hail To Reason mare Reason To Earn, by the Santa Anita Derby winner Boldnesian , a son of Bold Ruler . Raced lightly, Bold Reasoning set a new track record at Belmont Park for 6 furlongs at 4. He is best known as being the sire of the 1977 United States Triple Crown of Thoroughbred Racing Triple Crown winner, Seattle Slew . Upon retirement, Bold Reasoning only produced three crops of foals at Claiborne Farm before his death on April 24, 1975, due to a breeding shed accident in which he cracked his pelvis. He had to be animal euthanasia euthanized after the injury caused severe colic. References http www.pedigreequery.com bold reasoning Pedigree & Racing Stats Category 1968 racehorse births Category 1975 racehorse deaths Category Thoroughbred racehorses Category Racehorses bred in Florida Category Racehorses trained in the United States Category American racehorses ... more details
Moral reasoning is a study in psychology that overlaps with moral philosophy . It is also called moral ... is sometimes used in a different sense reasoning under conditions of uncertainty, such as those ... Collection ref however, this sense is now seldom used outside of charges to juries. Moral reasoning ... of Moral Reasoning url http www.alleydog.com glossary definition.php?term Moral 20Reasoning accessdate ... in a given situation. People make this decision by reasoning the morality of the action and weighing ... lpwg EthicalMoralReason.pdf Ethical and Moral Reasoning, Educating for Personal and Social Responsibility ... . There are many different moral reasonings. Moral reasoning is culturally defined, and thus is difficult ... who has made significant contributions to the field of moral reasoning by creating a theory of moral ... conflicts with our interests . ref cite web last Richardson first Henry S. title Moral Reasoning url http plato.stanford.edu archives fall2009 entries reasoning moral work The Stanford Encyclopedia ... Another psychologist who contributed to the field of moral reasoning was Jean Piaget . He developed ... Walsh Moral reasoning in philosophy Philosopher David Hume and psychologist Jonathan Haidt both claim that morality is based more on perceptions than on logical reasoning. ref name SJDM cite web url http journal.sjdm.org jdm8105.pdf title The psychology of moral reasoning last1 Bucciarelli first1 Monica .... ref name SJDM Haidt agrees, arguing that reasoning concerning a moral situation or idea follows an initial intuition. ref name SJDM Haidt s fundamental stance on moral reasoning is that moral intuitions .... ref name SJDM Moral reasoning and gender At one time psychologists believed that men and women have different moral values and reasoning. This was based on the idea that men and women often think ... would favor care reasoning, meaning that they would consider issues of need and sacrifice, while men would be more inclined to favor fairness and rights, which is known as justice reasoning. ref ... more details
Encyclopedia
top
