orphan date April 2010 There are two major types of digestion extracellular digestion and intracellular digestion. Intracellular digestion is digestion which takes place within the cytoplasm of the organism, as in many unicellular protozoans. Examples Most organisms that use intracellular digestion belong to Kingdom Protista, such as amoeba and paramecium . Amoeba Amoeba uses pseudopodia to capture food in a process called phagocytosis . Paramecium Paramecium uses cilia in the oral groove to bring food into the mouth pore which goes to the gullet. At the end of the gullet, a food vacuole forms. Undigested food is carried to the anal pore. Euglena Euglena is photosynthetic but also engulfs and digests microorganisms. Category Cell biology ... more details
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 Orphan date February 2009 Artificial digestion is a laboratory technique that reduces digestible material for analytical purposes. Naturally occurring digestive agents such as pepsin and hydrochloric acid are typically used to accomplish artificial digestion. As an example, artificial digestion is used to detect the presence of encysted trichinella larvae in suspected muscle tissue. The meat sample is dissolved by a digestive solution and the remains are examined for the presence of larvae. See also digestion DEFAULTSORT Artificial Digestion Category Parasitology Med stub Parasite stub ar ... more details
Image Digestion chambers very high mag cropped.jpg thumb right Micrograph showing digestion chambers. HPS stain . Digestion chambers are a histology histologic finding in nerve s that are undergoing Wallerian degeneration . ref name pmid851236 cite journal author Turner JE, Glaze KA title The early stages of Wallerian degeneration in the severed optic nerve of the newt Triturus viridescens journal Anat. Rec. volume 187 issue 3 pages 291 310 year 1977 month March pmid 851236 doi 10.1002 ar.1091870303 url ref Appearance Digestion chambers consist of small globular fragments, which represent degenerating myelin sheaths. See also Nerve injury References Reflist 1 External links http missinglink.ucsf.edu lm ids 104 musclenerve path student musclenerve nervepath.html Basic Nerve Pathology ucsf.edu An Introduction to the Pathology of Nerves Category Neurology Category Neurotrauma ... more details
Refimprove date December 2009 In alchemy , digestion is a process in which gentle heat is applied to a substance over a period of several weeks. This was traditionally performed by sealing a sample of the substance in a flask, and keeping the flask in fresh horse dung or sometimes in direct sunlight. Today, practitioners of alchemy use thermostat controlled incubators. ref http www.alchemywebsite.com reid2 2.html John Reid s Course on Practical Alchemy II Chapter 2 November 1, 2010 ref Digestion is considered one of the 12 core alchemical processes and is ruled , or dominated , by the zodiac al sign of Leo astrology Leo . References Reflist Alchemy DEFAULTSORT Digestion Alchemy Category Alchemical processes ... more details
All carbohydrates absorbed in the small intestine must be hydrolyzed to monosaccharides prior to absorption. The digestion of starch begins with the action of salivary alpha amylase ptyalin, although its activity is slight in comparison with that of pancreatic amylase in the small intestine. Amylase hydrolyzes starch to alpha dextrin, which are then digested by gluco amylase alpha dextrinases to maltose and maltotriose. The products of digestion of alpha amylase and alpha dextrinase, along with dietary disaccharides are hydrolyzed to their corresponding monosaccharides by enzymes maltase, isomaltase, sucrase and lactase present in the brush border of small intestine. In the typical Western diet, digestion and absorption of carbohydrates is fast and takes place usually in the upper small intestine. However, when the diet contains carbohydrates not easily digestible, digestion and absorption take place mainly in the ileal portion of the intestine. Digestion of food continues while simplest elements are absorbed. The absorption of most digested food occurs in the small intestine through the brush border of the epithelium covering the villi small hair like structure . It is not a simple diffusion of substances, but is active and requires energy use by the epithelial cells. During the phase of carbohydrate absorption, fructose is transported by a transporter of fructose into the intestinal cell s cytosol, glucose and galactose competes with other Na transporter required for operation. From the cytosol, monosaccharides pass into the capillaries by simple or facilitated diffusion. Carbohydrates that are not digested in the small intestine, including resistant starch foods such as potatoes, beans, oats, wheat flour, as well as several non polisacac ridos oligosaccharides and starch, are digested in a variable when they reach the large intestine. The bacterial flora metabolize these compounds in the absence of oxygen. This produces gases hydrogen, carbon dioxide and methane ... more details
Image Haase Lubeck MBT.JPG right thumbnail Anaerobic digestion and regenerative thermal oxidiser component ... Sustainable energy Anaerobic digestion is a series of processes in which microorganisms break down ... www.nnfcc.co.uk publications nnfcc renewable fuels and energy factsheet anaerobic digestion NNFCC Renewable Fuels and Energy Factsheet Anaerobic Digestion , Retrieved on 2011 11 22 ref It is used for industrial or domestic purposes to manage waste and or to release energy. The digestion process ... Anaerobic 20Digestion .pdf Anaerobic digestion reference sheet , waste.nl. Retrieved 25.10.07 ... w.php Hydrolysis, Sewage Sludge and Anaerobic Digestion Retrieved 22.02.2010. ref As part of an integrated waste management system, anaerobic digestion reduces the emission of landfill gas into the atmosphere ... energy.com, accessed 08.11.11 ref Anaerobic digestion is widely used as a source of renewable energy ... in its deployment as a waste treatment technology. Citation needed date February 2012 Anaerobic digestion ... capital costs , anaerobic digestion has in recent years received increased attention among governments ... files anaerobic digestion strat action plan.pdf Anaerobic Digestion Strategy and Action Plan ... p49 Fergusen, T. & Mah, R. 2006 Methanogenic bacteria in Anaerobic digestion of biomass, p49 ref In 1808 ... of anaerobic digestion , web.pdx.edu. Retrieved 17.08.07. ref ref name Anaerobic digestion http www.waste.nl content download 472 3779 file WB89 InfoSheet Anaerobic 20Digestion .pdf Anaerobic digestion .... Citation needed date February 2010 Through scientific research, anaerobic digestion gained ... http www.epa.gov agstar pdf conference04 humenik.pdf Anaerobic digestion of animal manure , epa.gov. ... and France , there was an increase in the application of anaerobic digestion for the treatment of manure ... digestion, including acetic acid forming bacteria acetogen s and methane forming archaea methanogen ... discovering anerobic 20digestion 20and 20biogas.pdf Discovering Anaerobic Digestion and Biogas ... more details
refimprove date January 2009 File Toothbrush regurgitated by albatross on Tern Island, Hawaii 20060614.jpg thumb right 220px This bolus from an albatross has several ingested flotsam items, including monofilament from fishing net s and a discarded toothbrush , Tern Island , French Frigate Shoals In digestion , a bolus from Latin bolus, ball is a mass of food that with animals that can chew has been Mastication chewed at the point of swallowing. Under normal circumstances, the bolus then travels to the stomach for further digestion. ref cite web url http www.merriam webster.com dictionary bolus title Bolus Definition and More from the Free Merriam Webster Dictionary publisher Merriam webster.com date accessdate 2012 02 21 ref ref cite web url http www.britannica.com EBchecked topic 72436 bolus title bolus biology Britannica Online Encyclopedia publisher Britannica.com date accessdate 2012 02 21 ref See also Chyme References reflist Category Digestive system digestive stub ca Bol alimentari bs Zalogaj es Bolo alimenticio no Bolus ru fr Bol alimentaire ... more details
The in gel digestion is part of the sample preparation mass spectrometry sample preparation for the mass ... 13 Granvogl, B et al., Proteomics , 2007, 7 5 , 642 54. ref The in gel digestion primarily comprises ... mass unit Da . In gel digestion Afterwards the eponymous step of the method is performed, the in gel digestion of the proteins. By this procedure, the protein is cut enzyme enzymatically into a limited ... side effect of the use of proteolytic enzymes is the self digestion of the protease. To avoid this, in the past Calcium Ca sup 2 sup ions were added to the digestion buffer. ref name Vajda ... , 2005, 5 9 , 2319 21. ref Other enzymes used for in gel digestion are the endo protease s Lys ... not possible. In those cases the digestion of the target protein in several approaches with different ... Biochem , 2006, 349 2 , 229 41. ref For the digestion the proteins fixed in the matrix of the gel ... swelling in the digestion buffer containing the protease. This procedure relies on the presumption ..., J et al., 2003 Therefore, the improvement of the in gel digestion has to be achieved by the reduction .... Usually, the in gel digestion is run as an overnight process. For the use of trypsin as protease and a temperature ... about the duration of the digestion process showed that after 3 h there is enough material for successful ... for the protease in temperature and pH allows for the completion of the digestion of a sample in 30 ... of proteins in the gel and thereby shorten digestion times and increase protein cleavage and the number ... s. Cleavable detergent s are detergents that are cleaved after digestion, often under acidic conditions ... the digestion the peptides generated in this process have to be extracted from the gel matrix ... and composition of the digestion buffer is used basic peptides are extracted in dependence to the intended ... trends Some major drawbacks of the common protocols for the in gel digestion are the extended time ... The commercial implementations of in gel digestion have to be divided into products for high ... more details
Multiple issues wikify November 2010 orphan November 2010 Microwave digestion is a common technique used by elemental scientists to dissolve heavy metals in the presence of organic molecules prior to analysis by inductively coupled plasma , atomic absorption, or atomic emission measurement. This technique is usually accomplished by exposing a sample to a strong acid in a closed vessel, and raising the pressure and temperature through microwave irradiation. This increase in temperature and pressure of the low pH sample medium thereby increases both the speed of thermal decomposition of the sample, and the solubility of heavy metals in solution. Once these heavy metals are in solution, it is possible to quantitate or quantify the sample through elemental techniques. References See Wikipedia Footnotes on how to create references using ref ref tags which will then appear here automatically Reflist H. M. Kingston and Lois B. Jamie. Introduction to microwave sample preparation Theory and practice ACS Professional Reference Book, ACS, Washington, D.C., 1988. Pages xxii 263. External links http www.milestonesrl.com Milestone Group http www.cem.com cem.com http www.berghof.com Products en Products Laboratory Instruments berghof.com http www.berghof.com multimedia Downloads BPI Dokumente Oeffentlicher Bereich Laborgeraete Theorie MW Theorie Probenvorbereitung PT en.pdf Theorie of Sample preparation DEFAULTSORT Microwave Digestion Category Analytical chemistry ... more details
Merge from Resomation discuss Talk Tissue digestion Merger proposal date March 2011 Refimprove date May 2007 Tissue digestion is a method of disposing bodies. The scientific term is alkaline hydrolysis . It is used at several university universities for the remains of animal cadavers as well as for human remains. In mortuary usage, the process is called water reduction resomation or aquamation . Methods The remains are dissolved in a mixture of heated water and lye or potassium hydroxide. The solid remains are reduced to 2 to three percent of the original body weight. After the process is completed, only remnants of the bones of a body remain, and these can be ground in one s hand. The remaining protein matter of the body has been dissolved by the lye into a sterile liquid. Two main methods have been introduced for human remains, the main difference is in the temperatures the units operate at resomation works at 180 degrees C, and aquamation at 93 degrees C. Invention Alkaline hydrolysis was patented in the US by Amos Herbert in 1888. The process was revisited by retired pathology professor Gordon Kaye and retired biochemistry professor Peter Weber in 1992. It was utilised as a method of disposing of animals remains used in disease research. ref The Mayo Clinic Cite book title Stiff The Curious Lives of Human Cadavers last Roach first Mary authorlink Mary Roach isbn 0 393 32482 6 publisher W. W. Norton & Company pages 252 3 year 2004 ref Advantages For mortuary use, it is ten times cheaper than cremation , since it uses no gas. For disposal of animals, it also destroys prions , which Rendering food processing rendering does not reliably do. It also does not cause air pollution . It is the most environmentally friendly and sanitary method for disposal of cadavers and remains ... usa usa wrusa.html WR , the company that manufactures tissue digestion equipment http www.bioliquidator.com BioLiquidator, mobile tissue digestion equipment for animal carcasses and disease mitigation ... more details
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 Extra cellular digestion is a process where saprobionts feed by secreting enzymes through the cell membrane onto the food which is in the digestive system spaces. The enzymes catalyse the food into molecules small enough for them to be phagocytosed . Since digestion is done outside the cell, it is said to be extra cellular. Extracellular digestion is a form of digestion found in all saprobiontic annelids, crustaceans, arthropods, lichins and chordates, including vertebrates. It takes place within the lumen of the digestive system, and the resulting nutrient molecules are transferred into the blood or body fluids. See also Saprotrophic nutrition DEFAULTSORT Extra Cellular Digestion Category Eating behaviors Biology stub ca Digesti extracel lular hu Sejten k v li em szt s ... more details
Infobox Organization name Anaerobic Digestion and Biogas Association image ADBA Logo.jpg size caption abbreviation ADBA motto formation 2009 extinction status purpose Promotion of Anaerobic Digestion and Biogas in the United Kingdom location The Anaerobic Digestion and Biogas Association, Room 318, Canterbury Court, Kennington Park, 1 3 Brixton Road, London, SW9 6DE region served UK membership leader title Chairman leader name Rupert Mitford, 6th Baron Redesdale Rupert, Lord Redesdale main organ parent organization affiliations budget website http www.adbiogas.co.uk ADBA Homepage remarks The Anaerobic Digestion and Biogas Association ADBA is a United Kingdom based trade association for the anaerobic digestion and biogas industries. ADBA was founded in September 2009 by its chairman Rupert Mitford, 6th Baron Redesdale Lord Redesdale and 10 founder member companies to represent businesses involved in the anaerobic digestion and biogas industries. Its objective is to help remove the barriers to anaerobic digestion that are faced and to support its members to grow their businesses. Its principal aim is to enable and facilitate the development of a mature anaerobic digestion industry in the UK within 10 years. Recognising there was no industry group that exclusively represented the emerging anaerobic digestion industry in the UK previously the Renewable Energy Association ref http www.r ... out groups related to anaerobic digestion ADBA was formed by a number of UK based companies which specialise in anaerobic digestion technologies ref http www.adbiogas.co.uk ta content.asp?id 14 ADBA ... do ecco view item?listid 1&listcatid 32&listitemid 3551 FiT rates fail to support anaerobic digestion, claims ADBA , www.newenergyfocus.com, 10th February 2011, Accessed 21.03.2011 ref for digestion ... Digestion and Biogas Association Website DEFAULTSORT Anaerobic Digestion And Biogas Association Category Anaerobic digestion Category Professional associations ... more details
Control Number LCCN 67019834 ref ref http www.anaerobic digestion.com html the anaerobic digestion proces.php What is the anaerobic digestion process? , www.anaerobic digestion.com, retrieved 17.08.07 ..., R. 2006 Methanogenic bacteria in Anaerobic digestion of biomass, p49 ref In an aerobic system ... , www.css.cornell.edu, retrieved 2.11.07 ref Due to this fact it is possible, following anaerobic digestion ... http www.foe.co.uk resource briefings anaerobic digestion.pdf Anaerobic digestion briefing , www.foe.co.uk ... digestion performs better the main alternative, composting. ref http www.anaerobic digestion.com html introduction to anaerobic dige.html A comparison of anaeorbic digestion and composting , www.anaerobic digestion.com, retrieved 05.11.07 ref References references Category Anaerobic digestion ... more details
Refimprove date May 2011 An expanded granular sludge bed EGSB reactor is a variant of the UASB concept. ref http www.uasb.org discover agsb.htm egsb UASB and EGSB Field, J. 2002 Anaerobic granular sludge bed technology pages, anaerobic granular sludge bed reactor technology ref The distinguishing feature is that a faster rate of upward flow velocity is designed for the wastewater passing through the sludge bed. The increased flux permits partial expansion fluidisation of the granular sludge bed, improving wastewater sludge contact as well as enhancing segregation of small inactive suspended particle from the sludge bed. The increased flow velocity is either accomplished by utilizing tall reactors, or by incorporating an effluent recycle or both . A scheme depicting the EGSB design concept is shown in this http www.uasb.org discover agsb.htm egsb EGSB diagram . The EGSB design is appropriate for low strength soluble wastewaters less than 1 to 2 g soluble Chemical oxygen demand COD l or for wastewaters that contain inert or poorly biodegradable suspended particles which should not be allowed to accumulate in the sludge bed. See also Anaerobic digestion Anaerobic digester types Upflow anaerobic sludge blanket digestion External links http www.uasb.org UASB & EGSB Website References references Environmental technology DEFAULTSORT Expanded Granular Sludge Bed Digestion Category Anaerobic digester types waste stub ... more details
can be reused to heat the digestion tanks. The blanketing of the sludge enables a dual solid and hydraulic liquid retention time in the digesters. Solids requiring a high degree of digestion can ... from settled sludge digestion is all used by the aeration process, with little power export. With UASB the aeration the whole process of settlement and digestion occurs in one or more large tank ... of the aeration energy and a doubling of the power generated from digestion, leading over all to a tripling of power generated. See also Portal Sustainable development Anaerobic digestion Anaerobic ... sanitation Environmental technology Anaerobic filter Expanded granular sludge bed digestion ... G title Anaerobic digestion and wastewater treatment systems journal Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek volume ... more details
File Flesh fly concentrating food.jpg thumb 300px Flesh fly, from the Sarcophagidae family blowing a bubble . One explanation for this behaviour is that it concentrates the fly s meal by evaporation. The diet of the flesh fly is very high in water content. The fly regurgitates the liquid portion of the food, holds it whilst evaporation reduces the water content and the fly then swallows a much more concentrated food meal without the water content. This continues until sufficient amount of liquid is left for the fly. Australian Museum Regurgitation is the expulsion of material from the mouth, pharynx, or esophagus, usually characterized by the presence of undigested food or blood. ref Nelson, R.W. and C. G. Couto. Small Animal Internal Medicine, 4th ed. 2009. ref Regurgitation is used by a number of species to feed their young. ref cite book last1 Keeling first1 Linda K. last2 Gonyou first2 Harold W. title Social behaviour in farm animals year 2001 publisher CABI Publishing page 69 isbn 0 8519 397 4 ref This is typically in circumstances where the young is at a fixed location and a parent must forage or hunt for food, especially under circumstances where the carriage of small prey would be subject to robbing by other predators or the whole prey is larger than can be carried to a den or nest. Some birds species also occasionally regurgitate Pellet ornithology pellet s of indigestible matter such as bones and feathers. ref cite book title Birds the inside story first1 Rael last1 Loon first2 H l ne last2 Loon year 2005 publisher Struik Publishers page 183 isbn 1 77007 151 2 ref Penguin Penguins are known to regurgitate in order to feed their young ones. It is in most animals a normal and voluntary process unlike the complex vomiting reflex in response to toxins. In humans In humans it can be voluntary or involuntary, the latter being due to a small number of disorders. Regurgitation of a person s meals following their ingestion is known as rumination syndrome , a rarely ... more details
Regurgitation , Regurgiate or Regurgitate can refer to Regurgitation digestion Vomiting Regurgitation circulation Regurgitate band , a goregrind band disambig de Regurgitation fr R gurgitation pt Regurgita o ru ... more details
Wiktionary Digestive may refer to Digestion , biological process of metabolism Digestive biscuit , a British semi sweet biscuit Digestif , small beverage at the end of a meal disambig ... more details
Parietals may refer to A reptilian diagnostic term, see parietal scales Parietal cells , stomach epithelium cells that secrete gastric acid and intrinsic factor to aid in digestion. disambig ... more details
refimprove date August 2008 Orphan date November 2006 A proteose is any of various water soluble Chemical compound compounds that are produced during digestion by the hydrolytic breakdown of proteins short of the amino acid stage. Category Proteins protein stub zh ... more details
unreferenced date December 2010 Poultry grit is a material fed to birds consisting mainly of crushed stone though often with additives which helps the bird s digestion grind their food. DEFAULTSORT Poultry Grit Category Bird feeding bird stub ... more details
The internal circulation reactor IC reactor is a form of anaerobic digester . It is primarily designed to treat wastewater . The IC reactor is an evolution of the UASB and EGSB digestion systems. The digester typically produces biogas with a high concentration methane c80 . In essence the IC to improve digestion rates and gas yields. The foot print for the IC reactor is therefore typically smaller however it is taller due to the increased complexity of the reactor. The IC reactor typically comes as part of a two stage anaerobic digestion system where it is preceded by an acidogenesis acidification and hydrolyk tank. Effluent leaving the IC reactor will often require aerobic treatment to reduce biochemical BOD and COD to discharge consent levels. See also Anaerobic digester types waste management Category Anaerobic digester types waste stub pt Reator de circula o interna ... more details
Anaerobic Sludge Blanket treatment see UASB . Aerobic digestion Aerobic organism Aerobic digestion ... as endogenous respiration . Solids reduction occurs in this phase. Because the aerobic digestion occurs much faster than anaerobic digestion, the capital costs of aerobic digestion are lower. However, the operating costs are characteristically much greater for aerobic digestion because of energy costs ... and, in doing so, produce a large amount of heat. Both anaerobic and aerobic digestion processes ... is most often applied to smaller scale applications followed by aerobic digestion and then lastly anaerobic digestion for the larger scale municipal applications. Sludge disposal When a liquid ... more details
File Emscherbrunnen.jpg thumb 300px right Imhoff tank The Imhoff tank , named for German engineer Karl Imhoff 1876 1965 , is a chamber suitable for the reception and processing of sewage . It may be used for the clarification of sewage by simple settling and sedimentation , along with anaerobic digestion of the extracted sludge . It consists of an upper chamber in which sedimentation takes place, from which collected solids slide down inclined bottom slopes to an entrance into a lower chamber in which the sludge is collected and digested. The two chambers are otherwise unconnected, with sewage flowing only through the upper sedimentation chamber and no flow of sewage in the lower digestion chamber. The lower chamber requires separate biogas vents and pipes for the removal of digestate digested sludge , typically after 6 9 months of digestion. The Imhoff tank is in effect a two story septic tank and retains the septic tank s simplicity while eliminating many of its drawbacks, which largely result from the mixing of fresh sewage and septic sludge in the same chamber. Imhoff tanks are being superseded in sewage treatment by plain sedimentation tanks using mechanical methods for continuously collecting the sludge, which is moved to separate digestion tanks. This arrangement permits both improved sedimentation results and better temperature control in the digestion process, leading to a more rapid and complete digestion of the sludge. This method of sediment removal is also used in some drinking water treatment facilities, in which the tank is often called an Imhoff cone . As in sewage treatment, the collected sludge must be properly disposed of. See also Anaerobic digester types List of waste water treatment technologies External links http water.me.vccs.edu courses ENV149 Imhoff.htm Water Wastewater Distance Learning at Mountain Empire Community College Category Anaerobic digester types Category Sewerage infrastructure de Emscherbrunnen es Tanque Imhoff it Vasca Imhoff ... more details
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