refimprove date August 2010 Cleanup date June 2009 A distributeddatabase is a database in which computer ... network network of interconnected computers. Collections of data e.g. in a database can be distributed across multiple physical locations. A distributeddatabase can reside on network servers on the Internet ... Information Systems pp. 185 189 . New York, NY McGraw Hill Irwin ref Besides distributeddatabase replication and fragmentation, there are many other distributeddatabase design technologies. For example, local autonomy, synchronous and asynchronous distributeddatabase technologies. These technologies ... of the data to be stored in the database, and hence the price the business is willing to spend on ensuring data security, consistency and integrity. Architecture A database user accesses the distributed .... Global applications applications which do require data from other sites. A distributeddatabase does not share main memory or disks. Important considerations Care with a distributeddatabase must be taken ... affecting one database system. Advantages Management of distributed data with different levels ... servers. A high load on one module of the database won t affect other modules of the database in a distributed ... but in a distributeddatabase, enforcing integrity over a network may require too much of the network ... DBMS. Database design more complex besides of the normal difficulties, the design of a distributed ... also Distributed data store Distributeddatabase management system Routing protocol References Reflist ... . The replication and distribution of databases improves database performance at end user worksites ... software that looks for changes in the distributive database. Once the changes have been identified .... It basically identifies one database as a master and then duplicates that database. The duplication process is normally done at a set time after hours. This is to ensure that each distributed location has the same data. In the duplication process, changes to the master database only ... more details
oneref date August 2010 A distributeddatabase management system DDBMS is a software system that permits the management of a distributeddatabase and makes the distribution transparent to the users. A distributeddatabase is a collection of multiple, logically interrelated databases distributed over a computer network. Sometimes distributeddatabase system is used to refer jointly to the distributeddatabase and the distributed DBMS. Overview Distributeddatabase management systems is a software for managing databases stored on multiple computers in a network. A distributeddatabase is a set of databases stored on multiple computers that typically appears to applications on a single database. Consequently, an application can simultaneously access and modify the data in several databases in a network. DDBMS is specially developed for heterogeneous database platforms, focusing mainly on heterogeneous database management systems HDBMS . See also Heterogeneous Database System References M. T. zsu and P. Valduriez, Principles of DistributedDatabase Systems 2nd edition , Prentice Hall , 1999. ISBN 0 13 659707 6. Databases DEFAULTSORT DistributedDatabase Management System Category Database management systems Category Applications of distributed computing eu Datu base banatuak kudeatzeko sistema tr Da t k veritaban y netim sistemi ... more details
Orphan date February 2009 DistributedDatabase Consulting DDBC is a database consultant consulting company that operates Ask DDBC , a popular technology forum. Founded in 1997, DDBC is noted for its contributions to the Oracle database Oracle community and for providing specialist resources. External links http www.ddbcinc.com DistributedDatabase Consulting http www.ddbcinc.com askDDBC Ask DDBC Category Technology companies of the United States Category Database companies Category Companies established in 1997 Category Companies based in Troy, Michigan tech company stub ... more details
. Distributeddatabase Main Distributeddatabase The definition of a distributeddatabase ..., and sites, while managing a single databasedistributed itself over multiple computers, and different ... Database refimprove date December 2011 condense date November 2011 A database is an organized ... processes requiring this information for example, finding a hotel with vacancies . The term database is correctly applied to the data and their supporting data structures, and not to the database management system DBMS . The database data collection with DBMS is called a database system . The term database system implies that the data is managed to some level of quality measured in terms of accuracy ... database management system DBMS . ref name Ullman Jeffrey Ullman and Jennifer widom 1997 First course in database systems , Prentice Hall Inc., Simon & Schuster, Page 1, ISBN 0 13 861337 0. ref A general .... Well known DBMSs include Oracle Database Oracle , IBM DB2 , Microsoft SQL Server , Microsoft Access , PostgreSQL , MySQL , and SQLite . A database is not generally Software portability portable ... database bibliographic , document text, statistical, or multimedia objects. Another way is by their application ..., or insurance. The term database may be narrowed to specify particular aspects of organized collection of data and may refer to the logical database, to physical database as data content in computer data storage or to many other database sub definitions. History Database concept The database concept ... data . It has evolved together with database management systems which enable the effective handling of databases. Though the terms database and DBMS define different entities, they are inseparable a database s properties are determined by its supporting DBMS and vice versa. The Oxford English ... been unlikely that a complex information system can be built effectively without a proper database ... supported data collection needs to meet respective usability requirements broadly defined by Database ... more details
In computing, a distributed cache is an extension of the traditional concept of cache computing cache used in a single Locale computer hardware locale . A distributed cache may span multiple servers so that it can grow in size and in transactional capacity. It is mainly used to store application data residing in database and web session computer science session data. The idea of distributed caching ref cite journal last Paul first S coauthors Z Fei date 2001 02 01 title Distributed caching with centralized control journal Computer Communications volume 24 issue 2 pages 256 268 doi 10.1016 S0140 3664 00 00322 4 accessdate 2009 11 18 ref has become feasible now because Random access memory main memory has become very cheap and Network interface controller network cards have become very fast, with 1Gbit now standard everywhere and 10Gbit gaining traction. Also,a distributed cache works well on lower cost machines usually employed for web server web servers as opposed to Database server database servers which require expensive hardware. ref cite magazine last Khan first Iqbal title Distributed Caching On The Path To Scalability magazine MSDN issue July 2009 url http msdn.microsoft.com en us magazine dd942840.aspx accessdate 2012 3 30 ref Some distributed cache products are Infinispan , AppFabric Caching Service , NCache product NCache , Oracle Coherence , IBM WebSphere eXtreme Scale , Memcached and Ehcache . See also Cache algorithms Cache coherence Cache oblivious algorithm Cache stampede Cache language model Database cache Cache manifest in HTML5 Further reading http www.unilim.fr sci wiki media cali cpumemory.pdf What Every Programmer Should Know About Memory by Ulrich Drepper http msdn.microsoft.com en us library dd129907.aspx Caching in the Distributed Environment References Reflist Category Cache computing ... more details
POV Commitment ordering date November 2011 A distributed transaction is an operations bundle , in which two or more network hosts are involved. Usually, hosts provide transactional resources , while the transaction manager is responsible for creating and managing a global transaction that encompasses all operations against such resources. Distributed transactions, as any other Database transaction transactions , must have all four ACID properties, where atomicity guarantees all or nothing outcomes for the unit of work operations bundle . Open Group, a vendor consortium, proposed the X Open XA X Open Distributed Transaction Processing DTP Model X Open XA , which became a de facto standard for behavior of transaction model components. Databases are common transactional resources and, often, transactions span a couple of such databases. In this case, a distributed transaction can be seen as a database transaction that must be synchronized or provide ACID properties among multiple participating database s which are distributed computing distributed among different physical locations. The isolation computer science isolation property the I of ACID poses a special challenge for multi database transactions, since the global serializability property could be violated, even if each database provides it see also global serializability . In practice most commercial database systems use Two phase locking strong strict two phase locking SS2PL for concurrency control , which ensures global .... A common algorithm for ensuring correctness correct completion of a distributed transaction .... There are also long lived distributed transactions, for example a transaction to book a trip, which ... distributed transactions are implemented in systems based on Web Services . Usually these transactions ... Beans EJBs and Microsoft Transaction Server MTS fully support distributed transaction standards. See ... , Morgan Kaufmann, 2002, ISBN 1 55860 508 8 DEFAULTSORT Distributed Transaction Category Data management ... more details
A distributed library is a collection of materials available for borrowing by members of a group, yet not maintained or owned by a single entity. The library catalog is maintained on a database that is made accessible to users through the Internet . An early example of this style of library if not the first of its type is the Distributed Library Project of the San Francisco Bay Area . This style of library is still in its infancy. While libraries are being established in several cities worldwide, the San Francisco Bay Area library still only has a few hundred members. Administrative software continues to be developed and distributed. Another example which takes a slightly different approach is Unlibrary.com. In this system users are free to create communities of any size and scope, rather than a single city wide community. For instance a church might have its own community, with church members all able to borrow from each other. Users can also have private, invite only groups. Another example is the digibruted library of Geneva. The name digibruted is coined from Digital and Distributed . It does not mean that the library is brutalized by digital attacks, but rather that the library is a digital construction, indexing real assets books in this case distributed in the real world. The difference from Unlibrary is that the books are freely given to readers, who act also as librarians, in a kind of peer to peer schema. See also BookCrossing External links http www.communitybooks.org The SF Distributed Library Project http dlpdev.theps.net ListOfExistingDlpNodes?v fep A List of Distributed Libraries http unlibrary.com Unlibrary.com http digilioge.wordpress.com The Digibruted Library of Geneva Category Library science edu stub ... more details
database s and distributeddatabase management system s. distributed file system Network file ..., a Database centric architecture database centric architecture can enable distributed computing ...Distributed computing is a field of computer science that studies distributed systems. A distributed ... interact with each other in order to achieve a common goal. A computer program that runs in a distributed system is called a distributed program , and distributed programming is the process .... ref Distributed computing also refers to the use of distributed systems to solve computational problems. In distributed computing, a problem is divided into many tasks, each of which is solved by one .... ref harvtxt Andrews 2000 , p. 291 292. harvtxt Dolev 2000 , p. 5. ref Introduction The word distributed in terms such as distributed system , distributed programming , and distributed algorithm originally referred to computer networks where individual computers were physically distributed within ... Dolev 2000 , p. 5. ref While there is no single definition of a distributed system, ref name harvtxt ... nodes . A distributed system may have a common goal, such as solving a large computational problem ... may have its own user with individual needs, and the purpose of the distributed system is to coordinate ... , p. 4. harvtxt Peleg 2000 , p. 2. ref Other typical properties of distributed systems include the following ... of a distributed program. ref harvtxt Lynch 1996 , p. 2. harvtxt Peleg 2000 , p. 1. ref .... 4. ref File Distributed parallel.svg thumb right 260px a b A distributed system. br c A parallel system. Parallel and distributed computing Distributed systems are groups of networked ... computing , and distributed computing have a lot of overlap, and no clear distinction exists between ... both as parallel and distributed the processors in a typical distributed system run concurrently ... may be seen as a particular tightly coupled form of distributed computing, ref harvtxt Peleg 2000 ... more details
Multiple issues advert January 2009 unreferenced April 2011 essay like April 2011 tone April 2011 A Distributed workforce is a workforce that reaches beyond the restrictions of a traditional office environment. As in the definition of the term distribute To disburse through a space or over an area, a distributed workforce is disbursed geographically over a wide area domestically or internationally. By installing key technologies, distributed companies enable employees located anywhere to access all of the company s resources and software such as applications, data and e mail without working within the confines of a Brick and mortar business physical company operated facility . Description This is not a virtual business , where employees are distributed but remain primarily unconnected. A company with a distributed workforce connects its employees using a computer networking networking infrastructure that makes it easy for team members across the world to work together. Using a shared software approach called SaaS, or Software as a Service , workers and teams can share files securely as well as access the company s database s, file sharing , telecommunications unified communications, Customer relationship management CRM , video teleconferencing , human resources , information technology IT service management, accounting , IT security, world wide web web analytics, web content management, e mail , calendars and much more. Benefits Unreferenced section date April 2011 NPOV section date September 2011 Employees are able to work from home during early morning and late night hours when it is more convenient for them, as well as work limited hours on weekends, holidays and sick days . Employees are able to achieve more quality work hours by avoiding many distractions caused by office ... to e mail and company files. Greater work life balance may be achieved through a distributed workforce ... days are reduced with a distributed workforce. Employers benefit from a more satisfied work force who ... more details
File Distributed object communication.png thumb Image describes communication between distributed objects residing in different machines. The term distributed objects usually refers to Computer software ... of the basic object computer science object concept used in the context of distributed computing, such as replicated objects or live distributed objects . replication computer science Replicated objects are groups of software components replicas that run a distributed multi party protocol ... that interacting with any of them exposes the same externally visible state and behavior. live distributed object Live distributed objects or simply live distributed object live objects ref Ostrowski, K., Birman, K., Dolev, D., and Ahnn, J. 2008 . Programming with Live Distributed Objects , Proceedings ... concept to groups of replicas that might internally use any distributed protocol, perhaps resulting in only a weak consistency between their local states. Live distributed objects can also be defined as running instances of distributed multi party protocols, viewed from the object oriented perspective as entities that have distinct identity, and that can encapsulate distributed state and behavior. See also Internet protocol suite . Local vs Distributed Objects Local and distributed objects differ in many respects. ref W. Emmerich 2000 Engineering distributed objects, John Wiley & Sons Ltd. ref Here are some of them Life cycle Creation, migration and deletion of distributed objects is different from local objects Reference Remote references to distributed objects are more complex than simple pointers to memory addresses Request Latency A distributed object request is orders of magnitude slower than local method invocation Object Activation Distributed objects may not always be available to serve an object request at any point in time Parallelism Distributed objects may be executed in parallel. Communication There are different communication primitives available for distributed objects ... more details
Unreferenced date August 2009 Image Distributed Memory.jpeg right 300px thumb An illustration of a distributed memory system of three computers In computer science , distributed memory refers to a Multiprocessing multiple processor computer system in which each central processing unit processor has its own private Computer memory memory . Computational tasks can only operate on local data, and if remote data is required, the computational task must communicate with one or more remote processors. In contrast, a shared memory multi processor offers a single memory space used by all processors. Processors do not have to be aware where data resides, except that there may be performance penalties, and that race conditions are to be avoided. Architecture In a distributed memory system there is typically a processor, a memory, and some form of interconnection that allows programs on each processor ... distributed memory machines The key issue in programming distributed memory systems is how to distribute the data over the memories. Depending on the problem solved, the data can be distributed ... be expressed as a distributed memory problem where the data is transmitted first to the node that performs .... Distributed shared memory Similarly, in distributed shared memory each node of a cluster has access ... versus distributed memory versus distributed shared memory The advantage of distributed shared memory is that it offers a unified address space in which all data can be found. The advantage of distributed ... data distribution. The advantage of distributed shared memory is that it is easier to design a machine that scales with the algorithm Distributed shared memory hides the mechanism of communication it does not hide the latency of communication. See also Memory virtualization Distributed cache Parallel Computing DEFAULTSORT Distributed Memory Category Parallel computing Category Distributed computing architecture ar fr M moire distribu e ko mk Distributed memory ... more details
Unreferenced date July 2009 A Distributed thinking project is similar to Distributed computing except that the human computer user performs the relevant tasks. The tasks usually being unsuitable or extremely difficult for computers but very easy for humans. Examples include Pattern recognition , proofreading , certain types of error checking . Examples of distributed thinking projects include Stardust home Galaxyzoo Distributed Proofreaders Herbaria home See Also Bossa computing Bossa http www.science.sjsu.edu index.php?q node 339 hominids home http herbariaunited.org atHome Herbaria home DEFAULTSORT Distributed Thinking Category Human based computation Category Crowdsourcing Category Citizen science ... more details
in distributed settings ref A.S. Tanenbaum and M. van Steen. Distributed Systems Principles and Paradigms 2nd Edition . Prentice Hall, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ, USA, 2006. ref . In contrast, distributed AOP is a promising paradigm that allows distributed interception. It defines many new concepts ... on a remote host. Thus, distributed AOP establishes a context where aspects can be deployed .... Tatsubori. Remote pointcut a language construct for distributed aop. In AOSD 04. New York, NY, USA, 2004. ref is considered the starting point for distributed AOP. After that, some works ref Pawlak ... based distributed dynamic framework. Softw. Pract. Exper. 34, 12 Oct. 2004 , 1119 1148. ref ref Benavides Navarro, L. D., S dholt, M., Vanderperren, W., De Fraine, B., Suv e, D. Ex plicitly distributed ... AOSD 06 , March 2006. ACM Press. ref ref Eric Tanter and Rodolfo Toledo, A Versatile Kernel for Distributed .... Joosen. True and Transparent Distributed Com position of Aspect Components. In Proceedings Middleware ... way, but all of them share the concept of remote pointcut. A distributed aspect is defined ref R. Mond jar, P. Garc a Lopez, C. Pairot, and L. Pamies Juarez. Damon a Distributed AOP Middleware for Large ... that may operate in multiple remote hosts to intercept and alter the whole behaviour of a distributed application . This distributed entity is able to modify or adapt the distributed system by applying ... and triggered via distributed connections remote pointcuts . References Reflist Category Aspect oriented ... more details
Orphan att March 2010 date December 2010 Wikify date September 2009 The term distributed creativity is used to describe networked cultural production that allows for the creative interplay of geographically dispersed participants. It is not one artist working on one object but rather a group of authors contributing to an artwork. In media art, one can trace a movement from artwork to network. The obsession with objects as described by Walter Benjamin is replaced with an enthusiasm for the process of interaction. Bill Nichols describes the latter in his essay The Work of Culture in the Age of Cybernetic Systems. External links http cordova.asap.um.maine.edu wagora w agora list.php?bn distributedcreativity eyewrap Distributed Creativity Forum presented by Eyebeam and Still Water at University of Maine http distributedcreativity.org Institute for Distributed Creativity DEFAULTSORT Distributed Creativity Category Creativity ... more details
notability date October 2011 Unreferenced date November 2007 Distributed Networking is a distributed computing network system, said to be distributed when the computer programming and the data to be worked on are spread out over more than one computer, usually over a network. Prior to low cost computer power on the desktop, computing was centralized. Although such centers still exist, distribution networking applications and data operate more efficiently over a mix of desktop workstations, local area network servers, regional servers, Web servers, and other servers. A popular trend has been client server computing which is simply the view that a client computer can provide certain capabilities for a user and request others from other computers that provide services for the clients. The World Wide Web Web s Hypertext Transfer Protocol is an example of this idea. Enterprises that have grown in scale over the years and those that are continuing to grow are finding it extremely challenging to manage their distributed network in the traditional client server computing model. The recent developments in the field of cloud computing has opened up new possibilities. Cloud based networking vendors have started to sprout offering solutions for enterprise distributed networking needs. Whether it turns out to revolutionize the distributed networking space or turns out to be another fad remains to be seen. See also Distributed data store Distributed file system Cloud based networking Cloud computing , a more general concept whose current implementations are often dependent on data center s rather than a distributed network compu network stub Category File sharing networks Category Distributed data storage ja ... more details
Distributed Ruby or DRb allows Ruby programming language Ruby programs to communicate with each other on the same machine or over a network. DRb uses remote method invocation RMI to pass commands and data between processes. ref http segment7.net projects ruby drb introduction.html Introduction to Distributed Ruby DRb Bot generated title ref See also Java remote method invocation External links http segment7.net projects ruby drb introduction.html Introduction to Distributed Ruby DRb http www.ruby doc.org stdlib libdoc drb rdoc index.html DRb RDoc Documentation http www.tricksonrails.com 2010 04 introducing brb extremely fast interface for doing distributed ruby BrB Extremely fast interface for doing Distributed Ruby References reflist programming software stub Category Ruby programming language Category Inter process communication ru Ruby ... more details
Wikify date January 2012 Distributed Storage is software for files and directories synchronization locally and between many remote computers connected via LAN or Internet. Also it provides web access to shared files without uploading to file hosting. Features Private Direct access synchronization with another computer. Unlimited amount of data and directories to synchronize. Cross platform Windows and Linux Computers . Automatic processing. Read only storage. File Data masking masks & filters . Fast Web Sharing without uploading files to server. References cite web url http www.geardownload.com system distributed storage.html title Distributed Storage page on GearDownload.com accessdate 2010 03 14 date 2010 03 14 publisher GearDownload.com cite web url http ceph.newdream.net title Ceph Distributed Network Storage and File System accessdate 2012 04 09 date 2012 publisher ceph.newdream.net cite web url http www.gluster.org about title Gluster Distributed File System accessdate 2012 04 09 date 2011 publisher Gluster.org Reflist Category Backup software storage software stub es Almacenamiento distribuido ... more details
, the database , the rendering or the user interface . Examples of distributed systems are web based GIS, Mobile GIS , Corporate GIS and GRID computing . Etymology The term Distributed GIS was coined ...Cleanup date November 2007 Distributed GIS concerns itself with GIS GI Systems that do not have all of the system ... based distributed GIS. 1n 1994, he designed and implemented the World Wide Earthquake Locator, which ... Locator, an experiment in distributed internetworking, World Wide Earthquake Locator ref . Gittings ... http www.star.euclid.ed.ac.uk ipp cxpgge11084.htm . Distributed GIS Course ref in this subject ... relating to Distributed GIS, he set his students the task of creating one in 2007 as a class exercise ... of a centralised corporate database that is designed to be the principle resource for an entire organisation. The corporate database is specifically designed to efficiently and effectively ... of the corporate database and the establishment of standards such as OGC for mapping and database ... corporate database reduces redundant collection and storage of information across the organisation ... project that aims to develop a European spatial information database. The GI strategy for Scotland ... benefits involved with taking up the strategy. Standards The main standards for Distributed ... seeks to Web Enable GIS and in turn Geo Enable the web. One of the major issues concerning distributed ... data. OGC In terms of interoperability, the use of communication standards in Distributed GIS ... very flexible Distributed GI Systems. Unlike monolithic GI Systems, OGC compliant systems are naturally ... services on distributed servers can be combined for service chaining in order to add additional value to existing services. Providing a wide use of OGC standards by different web services, sharing distributed ... Based Services LBS are services that are distributed wirelessly and provide information relevant ... torniai chi 2007 ws.pdf http www.mapbureau.com geotagnow.html Mashups In distributed GIS, the term ... more details
Original research date April 2009 Distributed moderation is a form of Moderation system comment moderation that allows the users to moderate each other. Distributed moderation comes in two types User Moderation and Spontaneous Moderation. When a website utilizes a function to allow user generated submissions to be posted on the site such as a comment system , there are three basic choices about how that content will be moderated first, by the website owner unilaterally deleting editing posts unilateral moderation second, by the users being given the option of voting other users submissions up or down user moderation and third, by allowing no official moderation, which results in other users moderating through the use of responding to others comments spontaneous moderation . The latter two, user moderation and spontaneous moderation, are examples of distributed moderation. Distributed moderation is an example of crowdsourcing , and as such suffers from groupthink . Although it is a more fair system than unilateral moderation, it is not necessarily more free unpopular comments in a distributed moderation setting are often removed or otherwise hidden, even in circumstances where unilateral moderation might have left the comment alone. See also Moderation system Meta moderation system Wikipedia is an example of distributed moderation. fact date April 2012 Category Internet forum terminology Category Internet culture Category Reputation management ... more details
A distributed algorithm is an algorithm designed to run on computer hardware constructed from interconnected Central processing unit processors . Distributed algorithms are used in many varied application areas of distributed computing , such as telecommunications , scientific computing , distributed information processing , and real time process control . Standard problems solved by distributed algorithms include leader election , Consensus computer science consensus , distributed Search algorithm search , Spanning tree mathematics spanning tree generation, mutual exclusion , and resource allocation . ref name lynch1997 cite book last Lynch first Nancy title Distributed Algorithms publisher Morgan Kaufmann Publishers location San Francisco, CA year 1997 edition 1st isbn 978 1558603486 ref Distributed algorithms are typically executed concurrency computer science concurrently , with separate parts of the algorithm being run simultaneously on independent processors, and having limited information about what the other parts of the algorithm are doing. One of the major challenges in developing and implementing distributed algorithms is successfully coordinating the behavior of the independent parts of the algorithm in the face of processor failures and unreliable communications links. The choice of an appropriate distributed algorithm to solve a given problem depends on both the characteristics ... v math . A typical algorithm for solving consensus is the paxos algorithm . Distributed search Leader ... task distributed among several computers nodes . Before the task is begun, all network nodes are unaware ... in distributed systems. A reliable broadcast is defined by the following properties Validity if a correct ... courses electrical engineering and computer science 6 852j distributed algorithms fall 2009 MIT Open Courseware Distributed Algorithms material here should eventually be absorbed into this article DEFAULTSORT Distributed Algorithms Category Distributed algorithms fr Algorithmique r partie ja ... more details
Distributed knowledge is a term used in multi agent system research that refers to all the knowledge that a community of agents possesses and might apply in solving a problem. Distributed knowledge is approximately what a wise man knows or what someone who has complete knowledge of what each member of the communities knows. Distributed knowledge might also be called the aggregate knowledge of a community, as it represents all the knowledge that a community might bring to bear to solve a problem. Other related phrasings include cumulative knowledge, collective knowledge, pooled knowledge, or the wisdom of the crowd. Distributed knowledge is the union of all the knowledge of individuals in a community. Example The logicians Alice and Bob are sitting in their dark office wondering whether or not it is raining outside. Now, none of them actually knows, but Alice knows something about her friend Carol, namely that Carol wears her red coat only if it is raining. Bob does not know this, but he just saw Carol, and noticed that she was wearing her red coat. Even though none of them knows whether or not it is raining, it is distributed knowledge amongst them that it is raining. If either one of them tells the other what they know, it will be clear to the other that it is raining. If we denote by math varphi math that Carol wears a red coat and with math varphi Rightarrow psi math that if Carol wears a red coat, it is raining, we have math K b varphi land K a varphi Rightarrow psi Rightarrow D a,b psi math Directly translated Bob knows that Carol wears a red coat and Alice knows that if Carol wears a red coat it is raining so together they know that it is raining. Distributed knowledge is related to the concept Wisdom of the crowd . Distributed knowledge reflects the fact that no one of us is smarter than all of us. References R. Fagin, J. Y. Halpern, Y. Moses, and M. Y. Vardi. Reasoning about Knowledge , The MIT Press, 1995. ISBN 0 262 56200 6 See also common knowledge dispersed ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2009 Orphan date September 2008 Deleted image removed Image Brainwave controlled lighting DECONcert setup.jpg thumb right 300px Brainwave controlled distributed dimming system adapts itself to the individual needs of users within the smart building at DECONism Gallery Distributed dimming is dimming many lights by several interconnected dimmers. Reduced wiring cost by shared neutrals Because shared neutrals often cause problems when run upstream of dimmer s, the idea of locating the dimmer as far downstream as possible reduces wiring costs by allowing shared neutral s to be run all the way up to and including the dimmer. The one form of much copied distributed dimming is the Rosco 6 dimmer bar that is supplied by a 3 phase 20 Amp circuit, usually connected to an L21 20 receptacle. As a conservative measure, the 6 dimmer bar usually comes wired with 10 gauge although 12 gauge would be enough for 20Amps wire, having a common shared neutral, and three hot wires, plus a ground 5 conductors in total, including the ground . A shared neutral wire, such as 10 4 10 gauge, 4 conductor, not including ground , runs to an L21 20 receptacle into which the dimming bar is plugged in. On the dimming bar, there are six duplex receptacles, each one fed from an individually controlled by way of DMX512 channel. The first and fourth outlet are on the first phase, the second and fifth on the next phase, and so on, so that the phases are interleaved. Another devices are made by Entertainment Technology who do a sinewave dimmer version , Botex, Showtec s multidim , stairville s power bar and eurolite. Distributed heat dissipation Another advantage of distributed dimming is the elimination of overheating problems in a dimming room. DEFAULTSORT Distributed Dimming Category Lighting Category Stage lighting ... more details
In statistics and econometrics , a distributed lag model is a model for time series data in which a linear ... of Econometrics . Wiley Publ. ref The starting point for a distributed lag model is an assumed structure ... and the model is called an infinite distributed lag model . In the alternative, second, equation, there are only ... is called a finite distributed lag model . In an infinite distributed lag model, an infinite ... in terms of a finite number of assumed underlying parameters. In a finite distributed lag model ... lag weights. The concept of distributed lag models easily generalizes to the context of more than ... associated with distributed lags is by ordinary least squares , assuming a fixed maximum lag math p math , assuming independent and identically distributed errors, and imposing no structure on the relationship ... estimation Structured distributed lag models come in two types finite and infinite. Infinite distributed lags allow the value of the independent variable at a particular time to influence the dependent ... infinitely long ago but beyond some lag length the effects taper off toward zero. Finite distributed ... for only a finite number of periods. Finite distributed lags The most important structured finite distributed lag model is the Shirley Montag Almon Almon lag model . ref Almon, Shirley, The distributed ... according to math w i sum j 0 n a j i j math for math i 0, dots , k. math Infinite distributed lags The most common type of structured infinite distributed lag model is the geometric lag , also known ... variable can be shown to be math b lambda b lambda 2 b ... b 1 lambda . math Other infinite distributed .... The polynomial inverse lag ref Mitchell, Douglas W., and Speaker, Paul J., A simple, flexible distributed ... W., and Gelles, Gregory M., Geometric combination lags as flexible infinite distributed lag estimators ... i 0, dots , infty . math The gamma lag ref Schmidt, Peter, A modification of the Almon distributed ... Jorgenson, Dale W., Rational distributed lag functions, Econometrica 34, 1966, 135 149. ref are other ... more details
Multiple issues original research August 2010 unreferenced June 2007 rewrite August 2007 A distributed development project is a research & development project that is done across many business worksites or locations. It is a form of R&D where the project members may not see each other face to face, but they are all working collaboratively toward the outcome of the project. Often this is done through email , the Internet and other forms of quick long distance communication. It is different from outsourcing because all of the organizations are working together on an equal level, instead of one organization subcontractor subcontracting the work to another. It also is similar to, but different from, a virtual team because there is a research element. Characteristics of distributed development Location People are distributed across multiple locations and work on the same project or product. The reasons for the distributions do not matter, they might include the availability of resources in different locations, closeness to certain clusters, proximity to customers or cost advantages. Examples could be the production of an Airbus or Boeing aircraft those are usually done in multiple locations ... in a distributed development environment, but they actively collaborate to achieve the common goal. There must be a program lead or project manager somewhere in the project management mix. In a distributed ... has ever seen the plane is only a success if it flies when assembled. Image Distributed Dev Graphic3.gif center Requirements distributed R&D In summary, distributed development is one of the highest ... main success factors for a distributed development project Select and or recruit good, strong, highly ... major project. Build an organizational design that supports working in a distributed development, including ... pure outsourcing or offshoring , namely much higher motivated employees in all parts of the distributed ... boundaries, ranging from simple service to high end R&D. Image Outsourcing Offshoring.svg center Distributed ... more details
Encyclopedia
top
