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Year 1743 (MDCCXLIII) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Saturday of the 11-day slower Julian calendar. Events <onlyinclude> January–June July–December </onlyinclude> Births - January 18 – Louis Claude de Saint-Martin French philosopher, known as le philosophe inconnu. (d. 1803)
- January 25 – Friedrich Heinrich Jacobi, German philosopher (d. 1819)
- February 13 – Sir Joseph Banks, British naturalist and botanist (d. 1820)
- February 19 – Luigi Boccherini, Italian composer (d. 1805)
- February 23 – Mayer Amschel Rothschild, German-born banker (d. 1812)
- March 4 – Johann David Wyss, Swiss author (d. 1818)
- March 14 – Hannah Cowley, English dramatist and poet (d. 1809)
- April 1 – Richard Butler (general) American soldier (d. 1793)
- April 13 – Thomas Jefferson, 3rd President of the United States, author of the Declaration of American Indepenence (d. 1826)
- May 17 – Seth Warner American revolutionary hero (d. 1784)
- May 20 – Toussaint Louverture, Haitian rebel (d. 1803)
- May 24 – Jean-Paul Marat, French revolutioner, doctor, scientist (d. 1793)
- June 3 – Jos Fernando de Abascal y Sousa, Spanish viceroy of Peru (d. 1821)
- August 26 – Antoine Lavoisier, French chemist (d. 1794)
- September 11 – Nikolaj Abraham Abildgaard, Danish painter (d. 1809)
- September 17 – Marquis de Condorcet, French mathematician, philosopher, and political scientist (d. 1794)
- December 23 – Ippolit Bogdanovich, Russian poet (d. 1803)
- date unknown – K roly Hadaly, Hungarian mathematician (d. 1834)
Deaths - January 3 – Ferdinando Galli-Bibiena, Italian architect/painter (b. 1657)
- January 29 – Cardinal Andr -Hercule de Fleury, Bishop of Fr jus, chief minister of France under Louis XV (b. 1653)
- January 29 – Charles-Ir n e Castel de Saint-Pierre, French writer (b. 1658)
- February 18 – Anna Maria Luisa de' Medici, last of the Medicis (b. 1667)
- April 4 – Daniel Neal, English historian (b. 1678)
- June 16 – Louise-Fran oise de Bourbon, eldest daughter of Louis XIV and Madame de Montespan; she built the Paris Palais Bourbon where she died (b. 1673)
- July 2 – Spencer Compton, 1st Earl of Wilmington, second Prime Minister of the United Kingdom
- August 5 – John Hervey, 2nd Baron Hervey, English statesman and writer (b. 1696)
- September 14 – Nicolas Lancret, French painter (b. 1690)
- September 21 – Jai Singh II, King of Amber-Juiper, India (b. 1688)
- October 4 – John Campbell, 2nd Duke of Argyll, Scottish soldier (b. 1678)
- December 27 – Hyacinthe Rigaud, French painter (b. 1659)
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