The 17th century was the century which lasted from 1601 to 1700 in the Gregorian calendar. The 17th century falls into the Early Modern period of Europe and in that continent was characterized by the Dutch Golden Age, the Baroque cultural movement, the French Grand Si cle dominated by Louis XIV, the Scientific Revolution, and The General Crisis. This last is characterised in Europe most notably by the Thirty Years' War,^[1] the Great Turkish War, the end of the Dutch Revolt, the disintegration of the Polish Lithuanian Commonwealth and the English Civil War.

Some historians extend the scope of the General Crisis to encompass the globe, as with the demographic collapse of the Ming Dynasty, China lost approximately 30% of its population. It was during this period also that European colonization of the Americas began in earnest, including the exploitation of the fabulously wealthy silver deposits of Potos in Upper Peru and Mexico which resulted in great bouts of inflation as wealth was drawn into Europe from the rest of the world. Louis XIV visiting the in 1671. "It is widely accepted that 'modern science' arose in the Europe of the 17th century, introducing a new understanding of the natural world." Peter Barrett^[2] New Amsterdam as it appeared in 1664. Under British rule it became known as New York.

Shogun Tokugawa Ieyasu is the founder of Japan's last shogunate, which lasted well into the 19th century

Catholic general Albrecht von Wallenstein

Persian Ambassador during his entry into Krak w for the wedding ceremonies of King Sigismund III of Poland in 1605.

Michael I of Russia

James I of England and VI of Scotland

Battle of N rdlingen (1634). The Catholic Imperial army, bolstered by professional Spanish troops won a great victory in the battle over the combined Protestant armies of Sweden and their German allies

The Night Watch or The Militia Company of Captain Frans Banning Cocq, 1642. Oil on canvas; on display at the Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam

The massacre of settlers in 1622. The massacre was instrumental in causing English colonists to view all natives as enemies.

Map of Europe in 1648 at the end of the Thirty Years' War

Claiming Louisiana for France

Sultan Mehmed IV

Crimean Tatar soldier fighting with the soldier of the Polish Lithuanian Commonwealth. Europe's steppe frontier was in a state of semi-permanent warfare until the 18th century.

In the midst of this global General Crisis, there were victory and triumph: In the Near East, the Ottoman, Safavid Persian and Mughal empires grew in strength and the Sikhs began to rise to power in the Punjab. Farther east in Japan, Tokugawa Ieyasu established the Edo period at the beginning of the century, starting the isolationist Sakoku policy that was to last until the 19th century. In China, the collapsing Ming Dynasty was challenged by a series of conquests led by the Manchu warlord Nurhaci which were consolidated by his son Hong Taiji and finally consummated by his grandson, the Shunzi Emperor, founder of the Qing Dynasty.

European politics during the Crisis were dominated by the France of Louis XIV, where royal power was solidified domestically in the civil war of the Fronde, in which the semi-feudal territorial French nobility was weakened and subjugated to the power of an absolute monarchy through the reinvention of the Palace of Versailles from a hunting lodge to a gilded prison in which a greatly expanded royal court could be more easily kept under surveillance. With domestic peace assured, Louis XIV caused the borders of France to be expanded to include, among other regions, Rousillon, Artois, Dunkirk, Franche-Comt , Strasbourg, Alsace and Lorraine.

By the end of the century, Europeans were also aware of logarithms, electricity, the telescope and microscope, calculus, universal gravitation, Newton's Laws of Motion, air pressure and calculating machines due to the work of the first scientists of the Scientific Revolution, including Isaac Newton, Gottfried Leibniz, Galileo Galilei, Ren Descartes, Pierre Fermat, Robert Hooke, Robert Boyle, Antonie van Leeuwenhoek and William Gilbert among other luminaries.

Events

1601 1609

• 1601: Battle of Kinsale, one of the most important battles in Irish history, fought.
• 1601: Michael the Brave (first unificator of Romania), voivode of Wallachia, Moldavia and Transylvania, is assassinated by the order of the Habsburg general Giorgio Basta at C mpia Turzii.
• 1601 1603: The Russian famine of 1601 1603 kills perhaps a third of Russia.
• 1602: Dutch East India Company founded. Its success contributes to the Dutch Golden Age.
• 1603: Elizabeth I of England dies and is succeeded by her cousin King James VI of Scotland, uniting the crowns of Scotland and England.
• 1603: Tokugawa Ieyasu seizes control of Japan and establishes the Tokugawa Shogunate, beginning the Edo period that lasts until 1869.
• 1603 1623: After modernizing his army, Abbas I expands the Persian Empire by capturing territory from the Ottomans and the Portuguese.
• 1605: Gunpowder Plot failed in England.
• 1605: The fortresses of Veszpr m and Visegrad are retaken by the Ottomans.
• 1606: The Long War between the Ottoman Empire and Austria is ended with the Peace of Zsitvatorok - Austria abandons Transylvania.
• 1606: Treaty of Vienna ends anti-Habsburg uprising in Royal Hungary.
• 1606: Assassination of Stephen Bocskay of Transylvania.
• 1606: Time of Troubles: Vasili IV becomes Tzar of Russia.
• 1606: Captain Willem Janszoon and his crew aboard the Dutch East India Company ship Duyfken becomes the first recorded Europeans to sight and make landfall in Australia.
• 1607: Jamestown, Virginia, is settled as what would become the first permanent English colony in North America.
• 1607: Flight of the Earls (the fleeing of most of the native Gaelic aristocracy) occurs from County Donegal in the west of Ulster in Ireland.
• 1608: Quebec City founded by Samuel de Champlain in New France (present-day Canada).
• 1609: The Netherlands and Spain agree to a Twelve Years' Truce in the Eighty Years' War.
• 1609: Pedro de Peralta, a later governor of New Mexico, establishes the settlement of Santa Fe.
• 1609: Maximilian of Bavaria establishes the Catholic League.

1610s

• 1610: The Polish Lithuanian Commonwealth army defeats combined Russian- Swedish forces at the Battle of Klushino and conquers Moscow.
• 1613: The Time of Troubles in Russia ends with the establishment of the House of Romanov which rules until 1917.
• 1613 1617: Polish Lithuanian Commonwealth is invaded by the Tatars dozens of times.^[3]
• 1616: The last remaining Moriscos (Moors who had nominally converted to Christianity) in Spain are expelled.
• 1616: Death of Shogun Tokugawa Ieyasu
• 1616: English poet and playwright William Shakespeare dies.
• 1618: The Defenestration of Prague
• 1618: The Bohemian Revolt precipitates the Thirty Years' War which devastates Europe in the years 1618 48.
• 1618: Bethlen Gabor, Prince of Transylvania joins Protestant Rebels.
• 1618: The Manchus start invading China. Their conquest eventually topples the Ming Dynasty.
• 1619: Bethlen Gabor is defeated outside Vienna.

1620s

• 1620: Emperor Ferdinand II defeats the Bohemian rebels in the Battle of White Mountain.
• 1620: The Brownist Pilgrims arrive in the Mayflower at Cape Cod
• 1620 1621: Polish-Ottoman War over Moldavia.
• 1620: Bethlen Gabor allies with the Ottomans and an invasion of Moldavia takes place. The Polish suffer a disaster at Cecora on the River Prut.
• 1621: The Battle of Chocim: Poles and Cossacks under Jan Karol Chodkiewicz defeat the Ottomans.
• 1622: Capture of Ormuz; The island of Hormuz was captured by an Anglo-Persian force from Portuguese.
• 1622: Jamestown massacre: Algonquian natives kill 347 English settlers outside Jamestown, Virginia (1/3 of the colony's population) and burn the Henricus settlement.
• 1623: Maffeo Barberini is elected Pope Urban VIII at the Papal conclave of 1623.
• 1624 1642: As chief minister, Cardinal Richelieu centralises power in France.
• 1624: The Dutch West India Company invades the Portuguese colony of Bahia in Brazil.
• 1625: New Amsterdam founded by the Dutch West India Company in North America.
• 1626: St. Peter's Basilica in the Vatican completed.
• 1627: Cardinal Richelieu lays siege to Protestant La Rochelle which eventually capitulates.
• 1627: Aurochs go extinct.
• 1629: Abbas I, the Safavids king, died.
• 1629: Cardinal Richelieu allies with Swedish Protestant forces in the Thirty Years' War to counter Ferdinand II's expansion.

1630s

• 1630: The Dutch West India Company invades the Portuguese colony of Pernambuco and founds Dutch Brazil.
• 1631: Mount Vesuvius erupts
• 1632: Battle of L tzen, death of king of Sweden Gustav II Adolf.
• 1632: Taj Mahal building work started in Agra, India
• 1633: Galileo Galilei arrives in Rome for his trial before the Inquisition.
• 1633 1639: Japan transforms into "locked country".
• 1634: Battle of N rdlingen results in Catholic victory.
• 1634: Emperor Fasilides expels the Catholic Patriarch Afonso Mendes and several Jesuit missionaries from Ethiopia.
• 1636: Emperor Fasilides founds the city of Gondar, which becomes the capital of Ethiopia for the next two centuries.
• 1636: Harvard University is founded in Cambridge, Massachusetts.
• 1637: Shimabara Rebellion of Japanese Christians, r nin and peasants against Edo.
• 1639: Naval Battle of the Downs Republic of the United Provinces fleet decisively defeats a Spanish fleet in English waters.
• 1639: Disagreements between the Farnese and Barberini Pope Urban VIII escalate into the Wars of Castro and last until 1649.
• 1639 1651: Wars of the Three Kingdoms, civil wars throughout Scotland, Ireland, and England.

1640s

• 1640: King Charles was compelled to summon Parliament due to the revolt of the Scots.
• 1640 1668: The Portuguese Restoration War led to the end of the Iberian Union.
• 1640: Torture is outlawed in England.
• 1641: The Tokugawa Shogunate institutes Sakoku- foreigners are expelled and no one is allowed to enter or leave Japan.
• 1641: The Irish Rebellion.
• 1641: Ren Descartes publishes Meditationes de prima philosophia Meditations on First Philosophy.
• 1642: Dutch explorer Abel Janszoon Tasman achieves the first recorded European sighting of New Zealand.
• 1642: Beginning of English Civil War, conflict will end in 1651 with the execution of King Charles I, abolishment of the monarchy and the establishment of the supremacy of Parliament over the king.
• 1644: Giovanni Battista Pamphili is elected Pope Innocent X at the Papal conclave of 1644.
• 1644: The Manchu conquer China ending the Ming Dynasty. The subsequent Qing Dynasty rules until 1912.
• 1644 1674: The Mauritanian Thirty-Year War.
• 1645: The death of Miyamoto Musashi, legendary Japanese Samurai warrior, of natural causes.
• 1645 1669: Ottoman war with Venice. The Ottomans invade Crete and capture Canea.
• 1647: Seven-year-old Mehmed IV becomes sultan.
• 1647 1652: The Great Plague of Seville.
• 1648: The Peace of Westphalia ends the Thirty Years' War and the Eighty Years' War and marks the ends of Spain and the Holy Roman Empire as major European powers.
• 1648 1653: Fronde civil war in France.
• 1648 1667: The Deluge wars leave Polish Lithuanian Commonwealth in ruins.
• 1648 1669: The Ottomans capture Crete from the Venetians after the Siege of Candia.
• 1649 1653: The Cromwellian conquest of Ireland.

1650s

• 1651: English Civil War ends with the Parliamentarian victory at the Battle of Worcester.
• 1652: Cape Town founded by the Dutch East India Company in South Africa.
• 1652: The First Anglo-Dutch War begins.
• 1654 1661: Mehmed K pr l is Grand Vizier.
• 1655 1661: The Northern Wars cement Sweden's rise as a Great Power.
• 1658: After his father Shah Jahan completes the Taj Mahal, his son Aurangzeb deposes him as ruler of the Mughal Empire.

1660s

• 1660: The Commonwealth of England ends and the monarchy is brought back during the English Restoration.
• 1660: Royal Society of London for the Improvement of Natural Knowledge founded.
• 1661: Mehmed K pr l dies and is succeeded by his son Ahmed.
• 1661: The reign of the Kangxi Emperor of China begins.
• 1662: Koxinga captures Taiwan from the Dutch and founds the Kingdom of Tungning which rules until 1683.
• 1662: Jacques Aymar-Vernay, who later reintroduced Dowsing into popular use in Europe, is born.
• 1663: Ottoman war against Habsburg Hungary.
• 1663: France takes full political and military control over its colonial possessions in New France.
• 1663: Robert Hooke discovers cells using a microscope.
• 1664: The Battle of St. Gotthard: count Raimondo Montecuccoli defeats the Ottomans. The Peace of Vasvar intended to keep the peace for 20 years.
• 1664: British troops capture New Amsterdam and rename it New York.
• 1664: John Evelyn's forestry book, Sylva, is published in England.
• 1665: The Great Plague of London.
• 1665: Portugal defeats the Kongo Empire at the Battle of Mbwila.
• 1665 1667: The Second Anglo-Dutch War fought between England and the United Provinces.
• 1666: The Great Fire of London.
• 1667: The Raid on the Medway during the Second Anglo-Dutch War.
• 1667 1668: The War of Devolution; France invades the Netherlands. The Peace of Aix-la-Chapelle (1668) brings this to a halt.
• 1667 1699: The Great Turkish War halts the Ottoman Empire's expansion into Europe.
• 1668: Peace Treaty of Lisbon between Spain and Portugal recognizes Portugal as independent country.
• 1669: The Ottomans capture Crete.

1670s

• 1670: The Hudson's Bay Company is founded in Canada.
• 1672 1673: Ottoman campaign to help the Ukrainian Cossacks. John Sobieski defeats the Ottomans at the second battle of Khotyn (1673).
• 1672 1676: Polish-Ottoman War.
• 1672: Rampjaar in the Netherlands Combined attack by France, England and two German states on the Republic of the United Provinces.
• 1672: Lynching of Johan de Witt and his brother Cornelis de Witt in the Hague William III of Orange takes power.
• 1672 1678: Franco-Dutch War.
• 1673 Antoni van Leeuwenhoek is the first to observe microbes with a homemade microscope, using samples he collected from his teeth scrapings, raindrops, and his own feces. He calls them "animalcules."
• 1674: The Treaty of Westminster ends the war between England and the Republic of the United Provinces.
• 1674: Maratha Empire founded in India by Shivaji.
• 1676: The Treaty of Zurawno brings Polish-Ottoman hostilities to a halt.
• 1676: Kara Mustafa becomes Grand Vizier.
• 1676 1681: Russia and the Ottoman Empire commence the Russo-Turkish Wars.
• 1678: The Treaty of Nijmegen ends the hostilities with France

1680s

• 1680: The Pueblo Revolt drives the Spanish out of New Mexico until 1692.
• 1681: The Pasha of Buda supports Imre Th k ly's rebellion in Hungary.
• 1682: Sultan Mehmed IV, advised by Kara Mustafa, decides to disregard the existing peace treaty with Leopold I, due to expire in 1684.
• 1682 1683: The Ottomans make camp at Adrianople.
• 1682: Peter the Great becomes joint ruler of Russia (sole tsar in 1696).
• 1682: La Salle explores the length of the Mississippi River and claims Louisiana for France.
• 1683: China conquers the Kingdom of Tungning and annexes Taiwan.
• 1683: A Habsburg council of war is held in Vienna.
• 1683: The Battle of Vienna finishes the Ottoman Empire's hegemony in south-eastern Europe.
• 1685: Edict of Fontainebleau outlaws Protestantism in France. King Charles II dies
• 1687: Isaac Newton publishes Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica.
• 1688: The Siege of Derry.
• 1688: Siamese revolution of 1688 ousted French influence and virtually severed all ties with the West until the 19th century.
• 1688 1689: The Glorious Revolution starts with the Dutch Republic invading England, England becomes a constitutional monarchy.
• 1688 1691: The War of the Two Kings in Ireland.
• 1688 1697: The Grand Alliance sought to stop French expansion during the Nine Years War.
• 1689: William ascends to the throne over England, Scotland, and Ireland.
• 1689: John Locke publishes his first 'Letter Concerning Toleration'.
• 1689: The Treaty of Nerchinsk established a border between Russia and China.
• 1689: The Battle of Killiecrankie is fought between Jacobite and Williamite forces in Highland Perthshire
• 1689: The Karposh rebellion is crushed in present-day Republic of Macedonia, Skopje is retaken by the Ottoman Turks. Karposh is killed, and the rebels are defeated.

Giles Cory was pressed to death during the Salem witch trials in the 1690s

1690s

• 1690: The Battle of the Boyne in Ireland.
• 1692: Salem witch trials in Massachusetts.
• 1692 1694: Famine in France kills 2 million.^[4]
• 1693: The College of William and Mary is founded in Williamsburg, Virginia by a royal charter.
• 1694: The Bank of England is established.
• 1694: Mary II of England dies
• 1695: The Mughal Empire nearly bans the East India Company in response to pirate Henry Every's capture of the Ganj-i-Sawai
• 1696 1697: Famine in Finland wipes out almost a third of the population.^[5]
• 1697: The earliest known first-class cricket match took place in Sussex.
• 1699: The Treaty of Karlowitz ends the Great Turkish War.
• 1699: Thomas Savery demonstrates his first steam engine to the Royal Society.

1700

• 1700: The 1700 Cascadia earthquake (magnitude 9) occurs off the coast of the Pacific Northwest; Japan is struck by a tsunami.
• 1700 21: Russia supplants Sweden as the dominant Baltic power after the Great Northern War.

Significant people

Peter Paul Rubens, Anne of Austria, Queen of France, mother of King Louis XIV, 1622 1625

Elias Gottlieb Haussmann, Johann Sebastian Bach, 1748

Galileo Galilei is often referred to as the Father of Modern Astronomy

Antonie van Leeuwenhoek, the first person to use a microscope to view bacteria

Miyamoto Musashi, Self-portrait, Samurai, writer and artist, c. 1640

Sir Isaac Newton at 46 in Godfrey Kneller's 1689 portrait

Self portrait by Rembrandt, c. 1655

• Alexis of Russia, Tsar of Russia (1629 1676)
• Anne of Austria, Queen consort and regent of France (1601 1666)
• Gustavus Adolphus, King of Sweden (1594 1632)
• Fran oise-Ath na s, marquise de Montespan, lover of Louis XIV (1641 1707)
• Fran oise d'Aubign , Marquise de Maintenon, second wife of Louis XIV (1635 1719)
• Guru Teg Bahadur, 9th Sikh Guru (1621 1675)
• Gabriel Bethlen, Hungarian prince of Transylvania (1580 1629)
• Shivaji Bhonsle, Hindu king, 1st Maratha ruler, established Hindavi Swaraj (1630 1680)
• Queen Christina of Sweden, high profile Catholic convert, matron of arts (1626 1689)
• Charles I of England (1600 1649)
• Charles II of England (1630 1685)
• Oliver Cromwell, Lord Protector of England, Scotland and Ireland (1599 1658)
• Richard Cromwell, Lord Protector of England, Scotland and Ireland (1626 1712)
• Elizabeth I of England (1533 1603)
• Hugh O'Neill (Aodh M r N ill), King of Tyrone and 2nd Earl of Tyrone (1550 1616), an Irish prince whose armies inflicted major defeats upon the English forces of Queen Elizabeth I during the Nine Years War in Ulster.
• Tokugawa Ieyasu, The founder and first shogun of the Tokugawa shogunate of Japan, (1543 1616)
• James I of England (1566 1625)
• James II of England (1633 1701)
• Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor (1640 1705)
• Louis XIII of France, King of France and Navarre (1601 1643)
• Louis XIV of France, King of France and Navarre (1638 1715)
• Mary II of England (1662 1694)
• Cardinal Mazarin, French cardinal and politician of Italian origin (1602 1661)
• Andr Le N tre, French landscape architect (1613 1700)
• Peter the Great, Tsar of Russia, first Russian Emperor (1672 1725)
• Philip IV of Spain, Spanish king (1605 1665)
• Pop , Tewa religious leader, led the Pueblo Revolt (ca. 1630 ca. 1688)
• Dmitry Pozharsky, Russian prince, leader of anti-Polish uprising (1577 1642)
• Samarth Ramdas, Hindu saint (1608 1681)
• Cardinal Richelieu, French cardinal, duke, and politician (1585 1642)
• Michael of Russia, Tsar of Russia (1596 1645)
• Michiel de Ruyter, Dutch admiral (1607 1676)
• Jan III Sobieski, King of Poland (1629 1696)
• Tessouat, Chief of the Algonquin
• Imre Th k ly, prince of Transylvania, leader of the anti-Hapsburg uprising in Hungary (1657 1705)
• Sant Tukaram, Hindu saint (1600 1650)
• Albrecht von Wallenstein, Catholic German general in the Thirty Years' War (1583 1634)
• William III of England (1650 1702), Stadtholder of the main provinces of the Republic of the United Provinces and King of England
• Johan de Witt, Grand Pensionary of the Republic of the United Provinces 1625 1672

Musicians and composers

• Johann Christoph Bach, Composer and great-uncle of the genius, (1642 1703)
• John Blow, English composer
• Johann Sebastian Bach, (1685 1750)
• Francesco Cavalli, Venetian opera composer
• Marc-Antoine Charpentier, French composer
• Arcangelo Corelli, Italian composer
• Jean-Baptiste Lully, Italian-born composer regarded as the father of French opera(1632 1687)
• Claudio Monteverdi, Italian composer of Renaissance and Baroque music(1567 1643)
• Johann Pachelbel (1653 1706), German composer
• Henry Purcell, English composer (1659 1695)
• Alessandro Scarlatti, Italian opera composer
• Heinrich Sch tz, German composer
• Monsieur de Sainte-Colombe, French composer of chamber music (c. 1640 1700)

Visual artists

• Gian Lorenzo Bernini, Italian sculptor, architect (1598 1680)
• Francesco Borromini, Italian sculptor, architect (1599 1667)
• Michelangelo Merisi da Caravaggio, Italian painter (1571 1610)
• Artemisia Gentileschi, Italian painter (1534 1623)
• Frans Hals (1580 1666)
• Jacob Jordaens, Flemish painter (1593 1678)
• Georges de La Tour, French painter (1593 1652)
• Bartolom Esteban Murillo, Spanish painter (1617 1682)
• Nicolas Poussin, French classical painter (1594 1665)
• Jos de Ribera, Lo Spagnoletto (1591 1652)
• Rembrandt van Rijn, Dutch painter (1606 1669)
• Peter Paul Rubens, Flemish painter, 1577 1640
• Jan Steen (1626 1679)
• Ruisdael (1628 1682)
• Jiang Tingxi, Chinese painter, calligrapher, encyclopedist, foreign delegate to Japan (1669 1732)
• Diego Rodr guez de Silva y Vel zquez, Spanish painter (1599 1660)
• Johannes Vermeer, Dutch Painter (1632 1675)
• Francisco Zurbar n, Spanish Painter (1598 1664)

Literature

• Pedro Calder n de la Barca, Spanish dramatist (1600 1681)
• Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra, Spanish author (1574 1616)
• Pierre Corneille, French dramatist (1606 1684)
• Nicolas Boileau-Despr aux, French poet and critic (1636 1711)
• Daniel Defoe, English writer, novelist (1659 or 1661 1731)
• John Donne, English metaphysical poet (1572 1631)
• John Dryden, English poet, literary critic, translator, and playwright (1631 1700)
• Jean de La Fontaine, French poet (1621 1695)
• Joost van den Vondel, Dutch writer and playwright (1587 1679)
• Andreas Gryphius, German poet and dramatist (1616 1664)
• Ben Jonson, English dramatist c.1572 1637)
• John Milton, English author and poet (1608 1674)
• Moli re, French dramatist, actor, director (1622 1673)
• Miyamoto Musashi, famous Samurai warrior in Japan, author of 'The Book of Five Rings,' a treatise on strategy and martial combat, poet, painter, (1584 1645)
• Samuel Pepys, English civil servant and diarist (1633 1703)
• Avvakum Petrov, Russian priest and writer (1621 1682)
• Francisco de Quevedo, Spanish writer (1580 1645)
• Jean Racine, French dramatist (1639 1699)
• William Shakespeare, English author and poet (1564 1616)
• F lix Lope de Vega, Spanish playwright and poet (1562 1635)
• John Wilmot, 2nd Earl of Rochester, English poet (1647 1680)

Educators

• Geoffrey Keating (Seathr n C itinn), Irish historian (ca. 1569 ca. 1644)
• Dubhaltach MacFhirbhisigh, Irish historian and genealogist (d.1671)
• Xu Xiake, Chinese geographer (1587 1641)
• Song Yingxing, Chinese encyclopedist (1587 1666)

Exploration

• Samuel De Champlain, French Explorer
• Evliya elebi, Ottoman Explorer
• Semyon Dezhnyov (1605 1672), Russian explorer of Siberia and the first European to sail through the Bering Strait.
• Henry Hudson, (1570? 1611) was an English sea explorer and navigator in the early 17th century.
• Yerofey Khabarov (1603 1671), Russian entrepreneur, best known for his exploring the Amur river region.
• Abel Janszoon Tasman, Dutch seafarer and explorer (1603 1659)
• Luis V ez de Torres, (c.1565 1607), Portuguese or Spanish Explorer. 16th 17th century exploration of the Pacific for Spain.

Science and philosophy

• Francis Bacon, English philosopher and politician (1561 1626)
• Sir Thomas Browne, English author, philosopher and scientist (1605 1682)
• Isma l Bullialdus, French astronomer, (1605 1694)
• Abraham Darby I, English Ironmaster, Introduced the first coke-consuming blast furnace (1678 1717)
• Ren Descartes, French philosopher and mathematician (1596 1650)
• Pierre de Fermat, French lawyer and mathematician (1601 1665)
• Galileo Galilei, Italian natural philosopher (1564 1642)
• Pierre Gassendi, (1592 1655), French philosopher, priest, scientist, astronomer/astrologer,^[7] and mathematician
• William Harvey, medical doctor (1578 1657)
• Thomas Hobbes, English philosopher and mathematician (1588 1679)
• Christiaan Huygens, Dutch mathematician, physicist and astronomer (1629 1695)
• Johannes Kepler, German astronomer (1571 1630)
• Antonie van Leeuwenhoek, Dutch scientist and the first person to use a microscope to view bacteria (1632 1723)
• Christopher Wren, English architect and scientist (1632 1723)
• Gottfried Leibniz, German philosopher and mathematician (1646 1716)
• John Locke, English philosopher (1632 1704)
• Marin Mersenne, (1588 1648), French theologian, philosopher, mathematician and music theorist, referred to as the father of acoustics.
• Sir Isaac Newton, English physicist and mathematician (1643 1727)
• Blaise Pascal, French theologian, mathematician and physicist (1623 1662)
• Baruch Spinoza, Dutch philosopher (1632 1677)
• Sir Anthony Weldon, English courtier and politician (1583 1648).

Inventions, discoveries, introductions

List of 17th century inventions

Johannes Kepler, 1610

Denis Papin, best known for his pioneering invention of the steam digester, the forerunner of the steam engine.

Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz, c.1700

Major changes in philosophy and science take place, often characterized as the Scientific revolution.

• Banknotes reintroduced in Europe
• Ice cream
• Tea and coffee become popular in Europe.
• Central Banking in France and modern Finance by Scottish economist John Law
• Minarets, Jam Mosque of Isfahan, Isfahan, Persia (Iran), are built.
• 1604: Supernova SN 1604 is observed in the Milky Way
• 1605: Johannes Kepler starts investigating elliptical orbits of planets
• 1605: Johann Carolus of Germany publishes the 'Relation', the first newspaper
• 1608: Hans Lippershey constructs a refracting telescope, the first for which sufficient evidence exists
• 1610: The Orion Nebula is identified by Nicolas-Claude Fabri de Peiresc of France
• 1610: Galileo Galilei and Simon Marius observe Jupiter's Galilean moons
• 1611: King James Bible or 'Authorized Version' first published
• c. 1612: The first flintlock musket likely created for Louis XIII of France by gunsmith Marin Bourgeois
• 1614: John Napier introduces the logarithm to simplify calculations
• 1616: Niccol Zucchi describes experiments with a bronze parabolic mirror trying to make a reflecting telescope
• 1620: Cornelius Drebbel, funded by James I of England, builds the first 'submarine' made of wood and greased leather
• 1623: The first English dictionary, 'English Dictionarie' is published by Henry Cockeram, listing difficult words with definitions
• 1628: William Harvey publishes and elucidates his earlier discovery of the circulatory system
• 1637: Dutch Bible published
• 1637: Teatro San Cassiano, the first public opera house, opened in Venice
• 1637: Pierre de Fermat formulates his so-called Last Theorem, unsolved until 1995
• 1637: Although Chinese naval mines were earlier described in the 14th century Huolongjing, the Tian Gong Kai Wu book of Ming Dynasty scholar Song Yingxing describes naval mines wrapped in a lacquer bag and ignited by an ambusher pulling a rip cord on the nearby shore that triggers a steel-wheel flint mechanism
• 1642: Blaise Pascal invents the mechanical calculator called Pascal's calculator
• 1642: Mezzotint engraving introduces grey tones to printed images
• 1643: Evangelista Torricelli of Italy invents the mercury barometer
• 1645: Giacomo Torelli of Venice, Italy invents the first rotating stage
• 1651: Giovanni Riccioli renames the Lunar mare
• 1656: Christiaan Huygens describes the true shape of the rings of Saturn
• 1657: Christiaan Huygens develops the first functional pendulum clock based on the learnings of Galileo Galilei
• 1659: Christiaan Huygens first to observe surface details of Mars
• 1662: Christopher Merret presents first paper on the production of sparkling wine
• 1663: James Gregory publishes designs for a reflecting telescope
• 1669: The first known operational reflecting telescope is built by Isaac Newton
• 1676: Antoni van Leeuwenhoek discovers Bacteria
• 1676: First measurement of the speed of light
• 1679: Binary system developed by Gottfried Leibnitz
• 1684: Calculus independently developed by both Gottfried Leibnitz and Sir Isaac Newton and used to formulate classical mechanics

References

1. ↑
2. ↑ Peter Barrett (2004), Science and Theology Since Copernicus: The Search for Understanding, p. 14, Continuum International Publishing Group, ISBN 0-567-08969-X
3. ↑ The Tatar Khanate of Crimea
4. ↑ Alan Macfarlane (1997). "The savage wars of peace: England, Japan and the Malthusian trap". p.64. ISBN 0-631-18117-2
5. ↑ Karen Cullen,Karen J. Cullen (2010). "Famine in Scotland: The 'Ill Years' of the 1690s". Edinburgh University Press. p.20. ISBN 0-7486-3887-3
6. ↑ Saint Luke as a Painter before Christ on the Cross. Humanities Web. Retrieved 30 September 2007.
7. ↑ http://www.skepticreport.com/predictions/newton.htm

External links

• Ukrainian baroque songs and music

Decades and years

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