The year 1965 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below.

Astronomy and space exploration

• February 20 - Ranger 8 crashes into the Moon after a successful mission of photographing possible landing sites for the Apollo program astronauts.
• March 23 - NASA launches Gemini 3 which is the United States' first two-person space flight took (crew: Gus Grissom and John Young).
• November 16 - Venera program: The Soviet Union launches the Venera 3 space probe from Baikonur, Kazakhstan toward Venus (on March 1, 1966 it became the first spacecraft to reach the surface of another planet).
• November 26 - At the Hammaguira launch facility in the Sahara Desert, France launches a Diamant-A rocket with its first satellite, Asterix-1 on board, becoming the third country to enter space.

Biology

• February 4 - Trofim Lysenko is removed from his post as director of the Institute of Genetics at the Academy of Sciences in the Soviet Union and Lysenkoist theories subjected to criticism.^[1][2]
• Emile Zuckerkandl and Linus Pauling name their concept of the molecular clock.^[3][4]
• W. Keble Martin publishes The Concise British Flora in Colour.

Chemistry

• Kevlar high-strength para-aramid synthetic fiber is developed by Stephanie Kwolek at DuPont.^[5][6]

Computer science

• March 22 - Digital Equipment Corporation launch the 12-bit PDP-8, the first successful commercial minicomputer, which will sell more than 50,000 systems, the most of any computer up to this date.^[7]
• April 19 - Gordon Moore describes the exponential growth trend in computing power which will become known as Moore's law.^[8][9][10]

History of science

• Ralph Lapp publishes The New Priesthood: The Scientific Elite and the Uses of Power in the United States.

Mathematics

• Lofti Zadeh develops fuzzy logic.^[11]

Medicine

• Frank Pantridge instals the first portable defibrillator, in a Belfast ambulance.

Psychology

• Konrad Lorenz publishes Evolution and Modification of Behavior.

Awards

• Nobel Prizes
  • Physics - Sin-Itiro Tomonaga, Julian Schwinger, Richard P. Feynman
  • Chemistry - Robert Burns Woodward
  • Medicine - Fran ois Jacob, Andr Lwoff, Jacques Monod
• Order of Merit: Dorothy Hodgkin

Births

• October 11 - Juan Ignacio Cirac Sasturain, Spanish physicist.

Deaths

• August 28 - Giulio Racah (born 1909), Israeli physicist.
• September 4 - Albert Schweitzer (born 1875), Alsatian medical missionary.
• October 12 - Paul Hermann M ller (born 1899), Swiss chemist, winner of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1948.

References

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