The Abjad numerals are a decimal numeral system in which the 28 letters of the Arabic alphabet are assigned numerical values. They have been used in the Arabic-speaking world since before the 8th century Arabic numerals. In modern Arabic, the word means "alphabet" in general.

In the Abjad system, the first letter of the Arabic alphabet, , is used to represent 1; the second letter, , is used to represent 2, etc. Individual letters also represent 10's and 100's: for 10, for 20, for 100, etc.

The word "abjad" ( ) itself derives from the first four letters in the Phoenician alphabet, Aramaic alphabet, Hebrew Alphabet, etc. These older alphabets contained only 22 letters, stopping at taw, numerically equivalent to 400. The Arabic Abjad system continues at this point with letters not found in other alphabets: = 500, etc.

Abjad order

The Abjad order of the Arabic alphabet has two slightly different variants. The Abjad order is not a simple historical continuation of the earlier north Semitic alphabetic order, since it has a position corresponding to the Aramaic letter /semkat , yet no letter of the Arabic alphabet historically derives from that letter. Loss of was compensated for by the split of into two independent Arabic letters, () and () which moved up to take the place of .

The most common Abjad sequence, read from right to left, is:

This is commonly vocalized as follows:

• .

Another vocalization is:

Another Abjad sequence (probably older, now mainly confined to the Maghreb), is:^[1]

which can be vocalized as:

Modern dictionaries and other reference books do not use the Abjad order to sort alphabetically; instead, the newer () order (with letters partially grouped together by similarity of shape) is used:

Another kind of order used to be widely used in the Maghreb until recently when it was replaced by the Mashreki order:^[1]

Uses of the Abjad system

Before the introduction of the Arabic numerals, the Abjad numbers were used for all mathematical purposes. In modern Arabic, they are primarily used for numbering outlines, items in lists, and points of information. In English, points of information are sometimes referred to as "A", "B", and "C" (or perhaps use Roman numerals: I, II, III, IV), and in Arabic, they are "", then "", then "", not the first three letters of the modern order.

The Abjad numbers are also used to assign numerical values to Arabic words for purposes of numerology. The common Islamic phrase ("in the name of Allah, the Most Merciful, the Most Compassionate"  see Basmala) has a numeric value of 786 (from a letter-by-letter cumulative value of 2+60+40+1+30+30+5+1+30+200+8+40+50+1+30+200+8+10+40), and the word "Allah" by itself has the value 66 (1+30+30+5).

Letter values

A few of the numerical values are different in the alternative Abjad order.

Similar systems

The Abjad numerals are equivalent to the earlier Hebrew numerals up to 400. The Hebrew numeral system is known as Gematria and is used in Kabbalistic texts and numerology. Like the Abjad order, it is used in modern times for numbering outlines and points of information, including the first six days of the week. The Greek numerals differ in a number of ways from the Abjad ones (for instance in the Greek alphabet there is no equivalent for , ). The Greek language system of letters-as-numbers is called isopsephy. In modern times the old 27-letter alphabet of this system too continues to be used for numbering lists.

See also

• Phoenician alphabet
• History of the alphabet
• Abjad
• Gematria

References

External links

• Overview of the ''abjad ''numerological system
• Sufi numerology site
• Numerical Value of an Arabic Text as per "Abjad" Calculation - www.alavibohra.org

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