Map of Argentina and Uruguay. The R o de la Plata basin (or River Plate region) is highlighted. The Rioplatense Dialect in Argentina Rioplatense Spanish or River Plate Spanish (, although locally known as castellano rioplatense) is a dialectal variant (or simply, a "dialect")^[1][2][3] of the Spanish language spoken mainly in the areas in and around the R o de la Plata basin (or River Plate region) of Argentina and Uruguay, and also in Rio Grande do Sul,^[4] although features of the dialect are shared with the varieties of Spanish spoken in Eastern Bolivia and Chile. The usual word employed to name the Spanish language in this region is castellano () and seldom espa ol () (see: Names given to the Spanish language). Note that while this article refers to Rioplatense Spanish as a single dialect, there are distinguishable differences among the varieties spoken in Argentina and in Uruguay, as described below.

Location

Rioplatense is mainly based in the cities of Buenos Aires, La Plata, Mar del Plata, Santa Fe and Rosario in Argentina, Montevideo in Uruguay, and far south of Rio Grande do Sul in Brazil, the seven most populated cities in the dialectal area, along with their respective suburbs and the areas in between. This regional form of Spanish is also found in other areas, not geographically close but culturally influenced by those population centers (e.g., in parts of Paraguay and in all of Patagonia). Rioplatense is the standard in audiovisual media in Argentina and Uruguay. To the north, and northeast exists the hybrid Riverense Portu ol.

Influences on the language

The Spaniards brought their language to the area during the Spanish colonization in the region. Originally part of the Viceroyalty of Peru, the R o de la Plata basin had its status lifted to Viceroyalty of the R o de la Plata in 1776.

Until the massive immigration to the region started in the 1870s, the language of the R o de la Plata had virtually no influence from other languages and varied mainly by localisms. Argentines and Uruguayans often state that their populations, like those of the United States and Canada, comprise people of relatively recent European descent, the largest immigrant groups coming from Italy and Spain.

European immigration

Several languages, and especially Italian, influenced the criollo Spanish of the time, because of the diversity of settlers and immigrants to Argentina and Uruguay:

• 1870 1890: mainly Spanish, Basque, Galician and Northern Italian speakers and some from France, Germany, and other European countries.
• 1910 1945: again from Spain, Southern Italy and in smaller numbers from across Europe; Jewish immigration mainly from Russia and Poland from the 1910s until after World War II was also significant.
• English-speakers from Britain and Ireland were not as numerous as the Italians (50% of Argentines have Italian ancestry), but were influential in industry, business, education and agriculture. In the case of the English immigrants, they were certainly influential within the upper middle class.

Influence of indigenous populations in Argentina

European settlement decimated Native American populations before 1810, and also during the expansion into Patagonia (after 1870). However, the interaction between Spanish and several of the native languages has left visible traces. Words from Guarani, Quechua and others were incorporated into the local form of Spanish.

Some words of Amerindian origin commonly used in Rioplatense Spanish are:

• From Quechua: gaucho (orig. wakcha "poor person")
• From Guaran : poror (popcorn)

See Influences on the Spanish language for a more comprehensive review of borrowings into all dialects of Spanish.

Linguistic features

Vocabulary

Differences between dialects of Spanish are numerous; about 9,000 Rioplatense words are not used or, in many cases, even understood elsewhere. These include many terms from the basic vocabulary, such as words for fruits, garments, foodstuffs, car parts, etc., as well as local slang.

Rioplatense vocabularies continue to diverge from Peninsular Spanish: Rioplatense Spanish tends to borrow (or calque) technical words from American English, while Peninsular Spanish tends to borrow or calque them from British English or from French.

N.B. Ba l means trunk (although not necessarily in the sense of a car trunk) in all varieties of Spanish.

Phonology

Rioplatense Spanish distinguishes itself from other dialects of Spanish by the pronunciation of certain consonants.

• Like many other dialects, Rioplatense features ye smo: the sounds represented by ll (historically the palatal lateral ) and y (historically the palatal approximant ) have fused into one. Thus, in Rioplatense, se cay "he fell down" is homophonous with se call "he became silent". This merged phoneme is generally pronounced as a postalveolar fricative, either voiced in the central and western parts of the dialect region (this phenomenon is called zhe smo) or voiceless in and around Buenos Aires (called she smo) These are the sounds in English measure and mission, or the French j and ch, respectively.

• As in most American dialects, also, Rioplatense Spanish has seseo (traditional merges with ). That is, casa ("house") is homophonous with caza ("hunt"). Seseo is common to other dialects of Spanish in Latin America, Canarian Spanish, and Andalusian Spanish.

• In popular speech, the fricative has a tendency to become 'aspirated' before another consonant (the resulting sound depending on what the consonant is, although stating it is a voiceless glottal fricative, , would give a clear idea of the mechanism) or simply in all syllable-final positions in less educated speech. This change may be realized only at the word level or it may also cross word boundaries. That is, esto es lo mismo "this is the same" is pronounced something like , but in las guilas azules "the blue eagles", in las and guilas might remain as no consonant follows: , or become ; the pronunciation is largely an individual choice.

• In some areas, speakers tend to drop the final r sound in verb infinitives. This elision is considered a feature of uneducated speakers in some places, but it is widespread in others, at least in rapid speech.

Aspiration of s, together with loss of final r and some common instances of diphthong simplification, tend to produce a noticeable simplification of the syllable structure, giving Rioplatense informal speech a distinct fluid consonant-vowel-consonant-vowel rhythm:

Si quer s irte, andate. Yo no te voy a parar.

"If you want to go, then go. I'm not going to stop you."

Note: Not pronouncing 'r' in "irte" and "parar", as in this audio clip, is less educated speech.

Intonation

Preliminary research has shown that Rioplatense Spanish, and particularly the speech of the city of Buenos Aires, has intonation patterns that resemble those of Italian dialects. This correlates well with immigration patterns. Argentina has received huge numbers of Italian settlers since the 19th century.

According to a study conducted by National Scientific and Technical Research Council of Argentina, and published in Bilingualism: Language and Cognition (ISSN 1366-7289),^[5] Buenos Aires residents speak with an intonation most closely resembling Neapolitan. The researchers note this as a relatively recent phenomenon, starting in the beginning of the 20th century with the main wave of Southern Italian immigration. Before that, the porte o accent was more similar to that of Spain, especially Andalusia.^[6]

Pronouns and verb conjugation

In this map of voseo countries, the spread of the dialect is clearly illustrated. Argentina, Uruguay and Paraguay are represented by dark blue on the map, Rioplatense Spanish is spoken in these regions. Argentina is the largest country that uses the voseo, is associated as exclusively belonging to that nation. One of the features of the Argentine and Uruguayan speaking style is the voseo: the usage of the pronoun vos for the second person singular, instead of t . In other Spanish-speaking regions where voseo is used, it is typically considered a nonstandard lower-class sociolectic or regional variant (Central American Spanish, however, is a notable exception); whereas in Argentina, voseo is standard. Vos is used with forms of the verb that resemble those of the second person plural (vosotros) in traditional (Spain's) Peninsular Spanish.

The second person plural pronoun, which is vosotros in Spain, is replaced with ustedes in Rioplatense, as in most other Latin American dialects. While usted is the formal second person singular pronoun, its plural ustedes has a neutral connotation and can be used to address friends and acquaintances as well as in more formal occasions (see T-V distinction). Ustedes takes a grammatically third- person plural verb.

As an example, see the conjugation table for the verb amar (to love) in the present tense, indicative mode:

( ) T am s is only used in some parts of Uruguay, where it coexists with Vos am s. However, t and vos are not interchangeably used, but rather vos denotes a more intimate relationship between the parties in conversation. In formal speech, usted ama.

( ) Ustedes is used throughout all of Latin America for both the familiar and formal. In Spain, it is used only in formal speech for the second person plural.

Although apparently there is just a stress shift (from amas to am s), the origin of such a stress is the loss of the diphthong of the ancient vos inflection from vos am is to vos am s. This can be better seen with the verb "to be": from vos sois to vos sos. In vowel-alternating verbs like perder and morir, the stress shift also triggers a change of the vowel in the root:

For the -ir verbs, the Peninsular vosotros forms end in - s, so there is no diphthong to simplify, and Rioplatense vos employs the same form: instead of t vives, vos viv s; instead of t vienes, vos ven s (note the alternation).

Usage of the imperative in a Buenos Aires public-service announcement.

• Habl m s fuerte, por favor. "Speak louder, please." (hablad in Peninsular)
• Com un poco de torta. "Eat some cake." (comed in Peninsular)
• Ven para ac . "Come over here." (venid in Peninsular)

The plural imperative uses the ustedes form (i. e. the third person plural subjunctive, as corresponding to ellos).

As for the subjunctive forms of vos verbs, while they tend to take the t conjugation, some speakers do use the classical vos conjugation, employing the vosotros form minus the i in the final diphthong. Many consider only the t subjunctive forms to be correct.

• Espero que veas or Espero que ve s "I hope you can see" (Peninsular ve is)
• Lo que quieras or (less used) Lo que quer s "Whatever you want" (Peninsular quer is)

In the preterite, an s is often added, for instance (vos) perdistes. This corresponds to the classical vos conjugation found in literature. Compare Iberian Spanish form vosotros perdisteis. However, it is often deemed incorrect.

Other verb forms coincide with t after the i is omitted (the vos forms are the same as t ).

• Si salieras "If you went out" (Peninsular salierais)

Usage

In the old times, vos was used as a respectful term. In Rioplatense, as in most other dialects which employ voseo, this pronoun has become informal, supplanting the use of t (compare you in English, which used to be formal singular but has replaced and obliterated the former informal singular pronoun thou). It is used especially for addressing friends and family members (regardless of age), but may also include most acquaintances, such as co-workers, friends of one's friends, etc.

Usage of tenses

Although literary works use the full spectrum of verb inflections, in Rioplatense (as well as many other Spanish dialects), the future tense has been replaced by a verbal phrase (periphrasis) in the spoken language.

This verb phrase is formed by the verb ir ("to go") followed by the preposition a ("to") and the main verb in the infinitive. This resembles the English phrase to be going to + infinitive verb. For example:

• Creo que descansar un poco Creo que voy a descansar un poco (I think I will rest a little I think I am going to rest a little)
• Ma ana me visitar mi madre Ma ana me va a visitar mi madre (Tomorrow my mother will visit me Tomorrow my mother is going to visit me)
• La visitar ma ana La voy a visitar ma ana (I will visit her tomorrow I am going to visit her tomorrow)

The present perfect (Spanish: Pret rito perfecto compuesto), just like pret rito anterior, is rarely used: the simple past replaces it.

• Juan no ha llegado todav a Juan no lleg todav a (Juan has not arrived yet Juan did not arrive yet)
• El torneo ha comenzado El torneo comenz (The tournament has begun The tournament began)
• Ellas no han votado Ellas no votaron (They have not voted They did not vote)

But, in the subjunctive mood, the present perfect is still widely used:

• No creo que lo hayan visto ya I don't believe they have already seen him

• Espero que lo hayas hecho ayer I hope you did it yesterday

See also

• Diccionario de argentinismos (book)
• Immigration to Argentina
• Lunfardo, Buenos Aires slang argot
• South American Spanish
• Spanish dialects and varieties
• Voseo

References

External links

• Diccionario argentino-espa ol
• Argentine Spanish Slang Dictionary
• Jergas de habla hispana Spanish dictionary specializing in slang and coloquial expressions, featuring all Spanish-speaking countries, including Argentina and Uruguay.
• Audio example of Spanish from Argentina

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